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Forest Health Technology
Enterprise Team
Identification
of Caterpillars
and Adults
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST:
CATERPILLARS AND ADULTS
Jeffrey C. Miller
Paul C. Hammond
USDA U.S. Department
I of Agriculture
REST
uAs
22»e«tofm»<s€
Forest
Service
FHTET
FHTET-2003-CH
December '
The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995
by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver
technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as
part of the technology transfer series.
http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/
-or Reprints, contact:
Richard C. Reardon
USDA Forest Service
1 80 Canfield Street
Morgantown, WV 26505
(304) 285-1563
rreardon@fs.fed.us
i right: Epargyreus clarus, Papilio bairdii, Limenitis lorquini, Grammia
ia, Papilio rutulus, Phyllodesma Americana, Itame colata, Atlides halesus,
AMPA MACULATA, ClSSEPS FULVICOLLIS, SyNAXIS FORMOSA, SPILOSOMA VIRGINICA,
r arilikj IRURA, KARLAS I RINA ARciOLUS.
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Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest:
Caterpillars and Adults
Jeffrey C. Miller
Department of Rangeland Resources
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
97330-2218
Paul C. Hammond
Department of Zoology
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
97330-2907
U.S.D.A., NAL
MAY 2 0 2004
CATALOGING PREP
FHTET-2003-03
December 2003
Dedication and Acknowledgments
DEDICATED TO DOUG FERGUSON
This book about Lepidoptera of Pacific
Northwest caterpillars and their adults is
dedicated to the late Doug Ferguson. Doug
played a very important role in the conduct
of our studies. He offered his expertise in
taxonomy, which was critical to the
identification of many of our geometrid
species, and encouraged us to keep up the
sometimes arduous task of field collecting and
rearing caterpillars from various foodplants.
We will miss him.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following individuals provided their expertise in identifying adults reared from the field-
collected caterpillars: Paul Hammond, Doug Ferguson, Jerry Powell, Don LaFontaine, Jim
Troubridge, Paul Opler, Jon Shepard, and Lars Crabo. The following people helped collect
and rear caterpillars: Paul Hanson, Jean Miller, Mike LaMana, Carolyn ver Linden, Dana Ross,
Norm Anderson, Jack Lattin, Maret Pajute, Gary Parsons, Emma Rossi, Pete Oboyski, and
Rich Bowden. Dave McCorkle provided the photographs of caterpillars of Parnassius clodius,
Parnassius smintheus, Phyciodes pulchellus, and Atlides halesus. Rick Westcott took the photograph
of the caterpillar of Catocala ilia. All other photographs were taken by the senior author, JCM.
Chuck Benedict, INTECS International/USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology
Enterprise Team, deserves special thanks for shepherding the manuscript through to tinal
draft and layout. Jean Miller spent many hours helping collect, rear, curate, and organize data
during the preparation of this manuscript.
The Oregon Department of Agriculture, Plant Division, kindly provided specimens for
photography, in particular we would like to thank Jim LaBonte, Ivathleen Johnson, and Dan
Hilburn. The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology at Oregon State University, specifically
Scott Sundberg and Thea Cook, assisted us by loaning us parts to a digital scanner.
Also, this booklet would not have been produced without the encouragement and support
of Richard “Dick” Reardon and the USDA Forest Service, National Center of Forest Health
Management, Morgantown, West Virginia. This is the sixth book in a series on the Lepidoptera
of forests and woodlands. Dick has been the driving force and producer for the entire series.
Those in the series written by senior author Dave Wagner covered the species of the northeastern
United States, while those written by senior author Jeff Miller covered species of the Pacific
Northwest. We are very grateful for the opportunity to produce this book, and extend our
sincere thanks to Dick for his support.
Partial funding was provided by NSF LTER grants in support of the H.J. Andrews
Experimental Forest: DEB 80-12122, and DEB 96-32921; the USDA Forest Service Pacific
Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Willamette Institute for Biological Control,
the USGS; and the Oregon State University College of Agricultural Sciences.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
About This Book
The subjects and their accompanying photographs of Lepidoptera are
organized alphabetically bv family and then by genus within the categories
of butterflies, skippers, and moths. VCTtile many of the species illustrated
here are common, only a small percentage of the species in the Northwest
are represented.
If the identity of a macromoth from the western United States cannot be
determined by matching a specimen with a description or photo in this
book then look in Miller and Hammond 2000 or Covell 1984. Coveil
1984 provides an extensive assortment of photographs for species that
occur in the eastern United States so the probability of a match to a
western species is limited to those species that are widespread across the
North American continent. Also, serious students of moths should look
in the references following the discussion of all families in the section on
macromoths.
For each of the 239 species presented we protide a narrative that includes
three sections: Caterpillar, Adult, and Ecology. The caterpillar and adult
sections are descriptive for general identification purposes. The ecology
section presents information on abundance, foodplants, seasonality, flight,
and biogeography.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Depository
whb**
l***»
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION . 1
CHAPTER 2: LIFECYCLE OF LEPIDOPTERA . 11
Adult . 11
Egg . 12
Caterpillar . 12
Pupa . 1 3
CHAPTER 3: MORPHOLOGY OF LEPIDOPTERA . 17
Caterpillar . 17
Adult . 21
CHAPTER 4: HANDLING LEPIDOPTERA . 23
Collecting . 23
Rearing . 24
Preserving . 24
Photographing . 25
CHAPTER 5: PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SPECIES . 27
Skippers . 28
Hesperiidae . 28
Butterflies . 31
Lycaenidae . 31
Nymphalidae . 44
Papilionidae . 58
Pieridae . 66
Satyridae . 69
Moths . 70
Arctiidae . 70
Dioptidae . 86
Drepanidae . 87
Geometridae . 88
Lasiocampidae . 165
Lymantriidae . 170
Noctuidae . 176
Notodontidae . 249
Saturniidae . 255
Sphingidae . 260
Thyatiridao . 264
APPENDIX 1 : COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF HOSTPLANTS . 267
APPENDIX 2: HOSTPLANTS OF FIELD-REARED CATERPILLARS . 269
APPENDIX 3: HOSTPLANTS BY FAMILY AND SPECIES . 289
GLOSSARY . 311
REFERENCES . 317
INDEX OF COMMON NAMES . 321
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES . 323
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Insects are notably abundant in a wide variety of habitats. In particular,
the moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) are some of the most obvious
insect species in a variety of environments. The adult moth or butterfly is
likely the most familiar life stage to the casual observer. Moths and
butterflies are easily seen on the wing during the day while visiting flowers
or at night while hovering about lights. However, for every adult there
once existed a caterpillar that fed on one or another species of foodplant.
The caterpillars are the actively feeding immature stages of moths and
butterflies and are less obvious at first glance. But they can be abundant
on certain plants at certain times of the year, most notably in the spring. In
addition, caterpillars are diverse in the number of species present, their
appearance, behavior, and developmental requirements.
Identifying field-collected Lepidoptera to the species level is essential to
performing natural history observations and conducting detailed ecological
studies on associating caterpillars to their adults, foodplant relationships,
parasitoids, and using caterpillars as indicator species to assess
environmental impacts. Diagnostic keys are not available for identifying
species of caterpillars and their adults, in the Pacific Northwest. In fact
few scientific papers and books can be found that illustrate caterpillars of
this region. Prior to Miller (1995), Stevens et al. (1984) was one of the
few sources available for illustrations of caterpillars in the Pacific
Northwest. Pyle (2002) provides some photographs of caterpillars of
Pacific Northwest butterflies. However, many books are available that
illustrate the adult butterfly, Pyle (2002) being the most recent. Photographs
of moths in Pacific Northwest forests and woodlands were published
by Miller and Hammond (2000). Certain books provide excellent
photographs of common caterpillar species of regions outside of the
Pacific Northwest, including the Canadian Provinces (Ives and Wong 1988),
the Appalachians (McCabe 1991), and eastern deciduous forests (Wagner
et al. 1995, Wagner et al. 2001). Some of the species illustrated in these
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
I NTRODUCTION
books also occur in the Pacific Northwest; however, Oregon alone contains
over 2,000 species of Lepidoptera, and a majority of these species do
not occur east of the Rocky Mountains.
This booklet is a field guide to assist in the identification of caterpillars
and their adult stage, and emphasizes the fauna of the Pacific Northwest.
In this work we have revised and expanded the coverage of caterpillars
of Pacific Northwest forests and woodlands (Miller 1995) and adults of
Pacific Northwest forests and woodlands (Miller and Hammond 2000).
We have selected 239 species for diagnostic narratives and photographs
of caterpillars and their adults. We have limited the photographic
presentation to select taxa of butterflies and macromoths, but have not
included the micromoths. The species included here are either common
to the forests and woodlands of the Pacific Northwest, or they exhibit a
special life history trait, such as endemism or extreme rarity. The
geographical range extends beyond the Pacific Northwest States and
includes regions west of the Rocky Mountains, from northern California
to southern British Columbia. We present a brief section on the natural
history of Lepidoptera and describe variations in morphology, color,
and pattern that are used to identify caterpillars. Also, we provide details
on how to collect and rear caterpillars, and how to photograph and
preserve specimens. As well, there is a section on nomenclature and a
narrative of the families most commonly found in the Pacific Northwest.
THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
The Pacific Northwest includes California north of San Francisco, all of
Oregon, and Washington, southern British Columbia, the northwest corner
of Nevada, most of Idaho, and western Montana. In the context of the
flora and fauna of North America, the Pacific Northwest contains portions
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 1: Introduction
Figure 1
ie ( in
The Pacific Northwest
:ondguous with, tour major biogeographic regions: California,
• B. -in, the Rock\ Mountains, and the Canadian Provinces. The
\ irthwest includes numerous mountain ranges, high desert, the
R er B. -in, part of the Snake River, the Puget and W illamette
and the northern Pacific coast.
cer ir; >n in the Pacific Northwest is diverse and includes a flora
1 to an arr.r ot habitats including coastal, desert, and alpine
i. The prevalent forest trees include the conifers Douglas fir,
pine, lodgepole pine, and redwoods. Cither conifers include
hemlock, larch, true fir, cedar and numerous species of pine. I he
nt woodland trees include oak, alder, poplar, ash, aspen, maple,
and juniper. The understory vegetation in these forests and woodlands is
also very rich in species. Included among some of the more prevalent
species ot flowering trees and shrubs are the genera: Acer,Alnus,Amelanchier. ,
Arbutus , Arctostaphjlos , Artemisia , Baccharis, Ceanothus, Celtis , Cercocarpus ,
Chtysolepis, Cor ruts, Cory lus, Crataegus , Fraxinus , Gaultheria, Holodiscus,Juniperus,
lJthocarpus, Myrica, Oemleria, Pachistima , Philadelphus, Physocarpus, Populus ,
Primus, Purshia,Ouercus , Rhamnus, Rhododendron, Ribes, Rut bus, Sa/ix, Sambucus ,
S orbits. Spiraea, Symphoricarpos, Umbellularia , and Vaccinium.
The forests and woodlands of the Pacific Northwest possess many types
of habitats based on tree species, geographical location, and climatic
conditions. We have placed these habitats into five categories: subalpine
forest, rain-wet-moist forest, dry forest, dry woodland, and riparian forest
and woodland.
Subalpine forest Occurs at high elevation (above 1,500 meters) in
the Cascade Mountains, Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada Mountains,
and on isolated montane islands in the Great Basin and the southwest
states. Dominant tree species are Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir,
lodgepole pine, and quaking aspen.
Rain-wet-moist forest Dominated by conifers, particularly
Douglas-fir, western hemlock, redwoods, and Sitka spruce. The
major hardwood trees are red alder and big-leaf maple. Forest types
transition subtly from one to the other based on precipitation.
Rainforests may receive in excess of 254 centimeters (100 inches) of
rain per year, wet forests receive between 152 and 254 centimeters
(60 to 100 inches), and moist forests receive between 89 and 152
centimeters (35 to 60 inches).
Dry forest Dominated by ponderosa pine. The associated hardwood
trees are quaking aspen at high elevations and cherry and serviceberry
at lower elevations.
Dry woodland Characterized by oak woodlands west of the
Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and juniper woodlands to
the east of the Cascade Mountains. Dry woodlands in the Southwest
and Great Basin are characterized by pinon pine.
Riparian forest and riparian woodland Occurs in dry regions
along rivers, creeks, and gullies. The dominant trees are poplars, willow,
alder, cherry, and elderberry.
THE LEPIDOPTERA
The Order Lepidoptera is divided into three groups: butterflies and
skippers, macromoths, and micromoths. Each group consists of
numerous families. The family as a taxonomic unit is a grouping of genera
which are taxonomic units of related species. The differences between
groups of Lepidoptera include obvious morphological features, technical
anatomical characteristics, and some behavioral ecological traits.
A majority of the described and documented Lepidoptera in the Pacific
Northwest are macromoths. Over 1,200 species of macromoths have
been recorded to date. Between 180 and 200 species of butterflies and
skippers, and 700 to 900 species of micromoths are listed as well.
However, the scientific effort that goes into understanding the Lepidoptera
fauna is not evenly distributed among the species. Much is known about
the presence and identity of butterfly and skipper species in the Pacific
Northwest; less is known about the presence and identity of macromoths.
Even less is known about the micromoths. The macromoth fauna of the
Northwest has never been the subject of a comprehensive study, and
many species remain to be discovered and described. As more studies
are conducted we expect the butterfly species count will remain nearly the
same, but the macromoth species count could increase another 25 percent,
to around 1,500 species. The micromoth species count is likely to equal
or exceed the number of macromoths.
The butterflies and skippers are known as the Rhopalocera. There are
seven families: Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae,
Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Satyridae. The butterflies and skippers are
distinguished by swollen areas at or near the end of the antennae. Butterflies
have a swollen area at the tip of the antennae. Skippers have a swollen
area near the end, but the enlargement is slightly expanded and tapers into
a hooked tip. Nearly all adult butterflies and skippers are diurnal, meaning
they are active during the day. Associated with their diurnal behavior,
Chapter 1; Introduction
butterflies and skippers tend to bask in sunlight which is a behavior involved
in thermoregulation.
Adults tend to be brightly colored, at least in one of the sexes. Depending
on the species, the male or female is the more colorful, and the color
serves to attract a mate. For instance, in many of the blue Lvcaenidae the
male is an iridescent blue/purple and the female is mostly brown. The
bright and obvious colors and patterns on the wings might be associated
with aposematism, a mechanism which serves to warn predators that the
individual is poisonous. While at rest, but not while basking in the sun, the
wings of butterflies are typically held pressed together above the body.
The underside of a butterfly wing is often marked in colors and patterns
that allow the individual to blend into the substrate upon which it is resting,
a morphological and behavioral condition known as crypsis. Skippers
differ slightly from butterflies in their resting posture. Typically they hold
their wings at an oblique angle, or laterally, while at rest.
Adult butterflies and skippers are readily seen at flowers where they are
sucking up nectar to obtain the energy required for flight. Caterpillars of
butterflies and skippers do not exhibit any general traits that separate
them from the caterpillars of macromoths.
Macromoths and micromoths differ from the Rhopalocera in the
morphology of the antennae, flight activity patterns, and coloration. The
tip of the antennae in macromoths and micromoths is not knobbed or
swollen with a hook, although some Sphingidae may exhibit slightly
swollen antennae that taper to a point which is curved. Most species of
moths fly at night, their nocturnal flight behavior is one of the reasons
moths are readily seen at lights. Unlike the Rhopalocera, moths at rest do
not press their wings together vertically above their bodies. Rather, they
hold their wings flat over their abdomens in a near horizontal position.
The top surface of the wings is typically colored and patterned to blend
into the environment. Thus, bright colors are the exception rather than
the rule in moths. HowTever, in a few species of moths the upper surface
of the hindwing is brightly colored; a sudden exposing of the hindwing,
which is typically covered by the forewing when at rest, may serve to
startle a predator.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 1: Introduction
Adults of manv moth species do not teed. Tvpicallv, those that do feed
>cck the carbohydrate- and energy-rich nectar of flowers.
C >ntrar\ to what the names suggest, overall size is not what disdnguishes
the macromoths from micromoths. Rather, the distinction is in die details
if trie wing venation and the female reproductive tract. These details are
discussed and illustrated in most texts on general entomologv (Borror et
ai. 1989 and in books about Lepidoptera (Coveil 1984).
The macromoths in the woodlands and forests of the Pacific Northwest
are comprised of 1,200 species in twelve families: Arctiidae, Dioptidae,
Drcpanidae, Epiplcmidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae,
\ ictuidae. Notodontidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, and Thvatiridae. The
nucr ni' 'ths in the woodlands and forests of the Pacific Northwest are
represented bv at least 500 species in over 20 families, the four most
rommon being the Tortricidae, Pvralidae, Gelechiidae, and Pterophoridae.
COMMON FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA IN FORESTS AND
WOODLANDS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
In general, about 21 families of Lepidoptera are common in the Pacific
N >rthwcst, and are briefly described, below. Due to the dynamics of
name changes, recognized species status, and the nature of incomplete
records, species numbers are estimates.
Butterflies
Hespcriidae Skippers; 4< • species. Caterpillars are external leaf feeders
but can be found within tied leaves on broadleaf plants and grasses.
The most obvious diagnostic trait tor identification of caterpillars is
that the first segment of the thorax is constricted. A full grown
caterpillar may reach 50 millimeters in length. Adults are day-flying.
Lycaenidae Hairstreaks, elfins, blues and coppers; 60 species.
< iaterpillars are external leaf feeders, and occur primarily on broadleaf
plants. Tlte bod' is covered with many short hairs, giving a velvet-like
appearance. The head is usually concealed from above by the
PIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
prothorax. The dorsal aspect of the body is humped, a feature best
seen in lateral view. A full grown caterpillar may reach 30 millimeters
in length. Adults are day-flying.
Nymphalidae Brush-footed butterflies, fritillaries, commas, admirals,
crescents, checkerspots, and tortoiseshells; 50 species. Caterpillars are
external leaf feeders, and occur primarily on broadleaf plants. Many
species have middorsal spines on A7 but not on A9. The head of
nvmphalid caterpillars may possess non-stinging spines. A full grown
caterpillar may reach 75 millimeters in length. Adults are day- flying.
Papilionidae Swallowtails and parnassians; 10 species. Caterpillars
are external leaf feeders. Body color in swallowtail caterpillars is a
mixture of green, yellow, and black. Body color in Parnassians is
black. Caterpillars of Papilionidae possess an osmeterium, which is
an eversible forked pouch on the prothorax. A full grown caterpillar
may reach 70 millimeters in length. Adults are day- flying.
Pieridae Whites and sulphurs; 20 species. Caterpillars are external
leaf feeders, and occur primarily on broadleaf plants. The body is
covered with many very short hairs, giving the appearance of velvet.
A full grown caterpillar may reach 50 millimeters in length. Adults are
day- flying.
Satyridae Satyrs; 12 species. Caterpillars are external leaf feeders,
and occur on grasses. The body is covered with many very short
hairs, giving a velvet-like appearance. A full grown caterpillar may
reach 40 millimeters in length. Adults are day-flying.
Macromoths
Arctiidae Woollybear caterpillars, tiger moths; 30 species. Caterpillars
are external leaf feeders and occur on conifers and broadleaf plants.
Typical arctiid caterpillars have dense coats of long hairs, giving the
caterpillars a woolly appearance, hence the common name. Many
species are covered with densely packed, wispy hairs that are longer
than the width of the body. Some species are covered by densely
packed hairs that are shorter than the width of the body. A majority
of the species overwinter in the caterpillar stage. A full grown caterpillar
may reach 60 millimeters in length. Caterpillars among the species of
arctiids may feed on the foliage of conifers, flowering trees and shrubs,
herbs, or grasses. Adult moths of most of the species are night-
flying. However, some arctiids fly during the day. One of the day¬
flying species is the cinnabar moth, Tjria jacobaeae, which was
intentionally introduced as a biological control agent because the
caterpillar feeds on flowers and leaves of the noxious weed tansy
ragwort, Senetio jacobaea. Adults exhibit a wide range of colors and
patterns of markings. Some species have immaculate wings while
others show large spots or extensive crisscrossing bands. Some of
the species are considered pests, such as the fall webworm and the
silver spotted tiger moth. Adult Arctiidae of North America are
illustrated in Coveil (1984).
Dioptidae Oak worm moths; 1 species. Phryganidia californica is our
only species in this family and occurs in forests and woodlands
containing live oaks and chinquapin, upon which the caterpillars are
leaf feeders. Because caterpillars overwinter, and may feed on warmer
days, they require an evergreen host, such as live oaks and chinquapin.
The species is considered a pest because it can severely defoliate its
hosts. Adults are not strongly attracted to light and may fly during the
day or at night.
Drepanidae Hook-tip moths; 2 species. Drepana arcuata is common,
D. bilineata is not. Caterpillars are external leaf feeders and occur
primarily on broadleaf plants, especially alder species. Two features
are characteristic in the caterpillar: the rearward projecting knob on
A10, and the prolegs on A10 which project backwards and lack
crochets. Full grown caterpillars may reach 30 millimeters in length.
Adults are night-flying and attracted to light.
Epiplemidae Epiplemids; 1 species. Calli-pgia amorata is the only
species in this family. It is most common in the wet forests in the
Pacific Western States, but is widely distributed in North America.
Caterpillars feed on the foliage of honeysuckle. Adults fly at night
and are attracted to light.
Chapter 1; Introduction
Figure 2 Wingless female adult.
Geometridae Inchworms, loopers, and geometer moths; 400
species. This family is second only to the noctuids in number of
species. Typically, inchworms possess one pair of midabdominal
prolegs on segment A6. The presence of two pairs of midabdominal
prolegs is less common. If two pair of prolegs do appear, they
occur on segments A5 and A6 (see Campaea per/ata). Also, the presence
of four pairs of midabdominal prolegs is very uncommon. If they
do appear, they occur on A3-A6 (see Archiearis infans). Many species
have caterpillars that feed on the foliage of conifers. The most
common hosts are species of Pinaceae, but a few moths prefer the
Cupressaceae as their primary host. A majority of the inchworm
species feed on the foliage of flowering trees and shrubs, and less
frequendy on herbaceous plants. Adults of most species fly at night
and are readily attracted to light. Females of some species ( Phigalia
plumogeraria, Operopthera bntceata and Operopthera danbyi) are wingless
(Figure 2). Generally, filiform antennae are present in both sexes.
However, males in certain species have pectinate antennae (see
Protoboamiia porcelaria or Drepanulatrix foeminaria ) . Full grown caterpillars
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 1: Introduction
in small species mav reach onlv 20 millimeters in length, while large
>pccio m.n reach St1 millimeters. Ferguson (1985) provides detailed
illustranons and references to the green geometers, Geometrinae, of
North America.
Lasiocampidae Tent caterpillars and lappet moths; 6 species.
Caterpillar^ arc external leaf feeders, and occur primarily on broadleaf
plants. Biordinal crochets of lasiocampids are unique among the
common ham caterpillars of the Pacific Northwest.
Caterpillars of lasiocampids mav be found feeding on the foliage of
o > niters • >r flowering tree' and shrubs. Adults are night-flung. The
lappet moth bod\ is notablv hairv. Colors and markings on the
forewings and hindwings of lappet moths do not create stronglv
o ntrasting or intricate patterns. Adults flv at night and are readilv
attracted t< . light. Lappet moths do not have functional mouthparts
and therefore do not feed. A full grown caterpillar mav reach 100
millimeters in length. Franclemont ( 1 9— 3) includes illustrations of
North American lappet moths.
Lymantriidae Tussock moths; 8 species. Caterpillars are external
le.it feeders, and occur on conifers and broadleaf plants. Tvpicallv,
caterpillars exhibit tufts of dense hairs on middorsal segments A1
thn >ugh \4, and a brighdv colored red or orange gland on middorsal
segments \6 and A”. An introduced species, I jtucorna sa/iris, lacks the
tut-' >r dense hairs and thus does not fit the description of a “tvpical”
Pacific Northwest lvmantriid caterpillar.
< terp: irs in m«>st of the species feed on the foliage of conifers or
flowering trees and 'hrubs. Mam species are considered pests, the
most notable being the gypsy moth, Lyman tria dispar, and the Douglas-
fir i O/ . • -eudotsugala. The gypsy moth has created
problems, but has not established permanent residence in the Pacific
Northwest. A gypsy moth infestation can prompt an eradication
project involving pesticides, which in turn may lead to unintended
ecological impacts on other lepidoptera species (Miller 1990a,b).
Orgiia pseiidotsugata is a native pest of conifer forests. Adults of most
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
species fly at night and are readily attracted to light. However, the
males of some species, such as Orgyia antiqua and Orgyia pseudotsugata,
are dav flyers. The females of many of the lymantriids are wingless/
flightless. A full grown caterpillar may reach between 60 and 70
millimeters in length. Ferguson (1978) provides illustrations and
references to the tussock moths of North America.
Noctuidae Cutworms, armyworms, semi-loopers, and underwings;
850 species, more than any other family of Lepidoptera in die Pacific
Northwest. Habits and habitats vary among species. Some species
occur in the soil, others bore in stems, and many are external leaf
feeders. Host plants include conifers, broadleaf trees and shrubs, herbs,
and grasses. Caterpillars may be hairy, nearly naked, brightly colored
or cryptic. All noctuids, except the Plusiinae, have four pairs of
midabdominal prolegs. The Plusiinae have only two pairs of
midabdominal prolegs, occurring on segments A5 and A6. Most of
the caterpillars of noctuid species feed on the foliage of flowering
trees, shrubs, or herbs. Numerous species are considered pests of
agricultural crops, but none are considered chronic pests of woodlands
and forests. Adults range in size from the very small No/a minna , with
a wingspan of 2.3 centimeters, to the relatively large Catocala i/ia, with
a wingspan of 7.9 centimeters.
Noctuid moths exhibit a broad arrav of colors and markings, but
generally the forewings, hindwings and bodies exhibit varying hues
of white, silver, gray, tan, brown, and black. Most noctuid species fly
at night and are readily attracted to light. Certain species, such as
Oncocnemis dunbari , rarely show up at lights at night, yet collections of
caterpillars from the foliage of ocean spray, Holodiscus discolor, suggest
the species is very abundant. Full grown caterpillars of the smaller
species reach between 15 and 20 millimeters, while large species may
be 70 millimeters in length. Eichlin and Cunningham (1978), Lafontaine
(1987), Lafontaine and Poole (1991), Poole (1995), and Lafontaine
(1998) provide illustrations and references to the noctuids of North
America.
Notodontidae Prominents; 20 species. With only 20 of the 136
species known to occur in the United States and Canada, the
prominents are not well represented in the Pacific Northwest. Typically,
caterpillars feed on the foliage of flowering trees and shrubs. On
occasion Schi^ura concinna may be a pest on ornamental trees and in
orchards. Prolegs of A10 may be either extremely short or extremely
long relative to the midabdominal prolegs, and are often elevated
above the plant. Caterpillars may reach 60 millimeters when full grown.
Adults fly at night and are readily attracted to light.
Saturniidae Silk moths; 12 species. Although called “silkworms,”
these are not the caterpillars used in commercial silk production.
Caterpillars are external leaf feeders, occurring primarily on conifers
and broadleaf plants. Many species exhibit middorsal scoli on segments
A8 and A9, but not A7. Caterpillars of many species have stinging
hairs that inflict a sharp pain similar to that inflicted by species of
stinging nettle, Urtica. The forewings and hindwings of silk moths
are very large; wingspans in many of the species can extend between
10-15 centimeters. Accordingly, the wingbeat of most silk moths is
much like that of most butterflies; it is relatively slow and each beat
easily seen. Wing colors and markings typically occur in distinct and
sometimes intricate patterns, making identification of certain species
rather easy. However, many silk moths are known to have hybrid
populations in areas where two closely related species can interbreed.
The adults of most species fly at night and are readily attracted to
light. A few species, notably Hemileuca eglanterina and Saturnia mendorino,
will fly during the day. The morphology of silk moth antennae is
unique; they resemble fern fronds, with two to four branches along
their lengths. The branched antennae are particularly noticeable in the
males. Adults possess atrophied mouthparts and do not feed. Typically,
they are not long-lived. A full grown saturniid caterpillar may exceed
100 millimeters in length. Ferguson (1971, 1972) and Tuskes et al.
(1996) provide illustrations and references to the silk moths of North
America.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Sphingidae Hornworms, sphinx moths; 25 species. Caterpillars are
external leaf feeders, occurring primarily on broadleaf plants. A
notable exception being the caterpillars of Sphinx sequoiae which feed
on junipers, Juniperus, and western red cedar, Thuja plicata. A single
middorsal horn usually occurs on segment A8.
Caterpillars often rest in a prayer-like pose, with the head and true
legs raised above the plant surface. Sphinx moths are very strong
fliers; their wingbeat produces a sound similar to that of a
hummingbird. The adults of most species fly at night and are readilv
attracted to light. Sphinx moths are attracted to nectar-producing
flowers that have long tubular corollas. Many of these flowers are
aromatic, white, and flower at night. A full grown caterpillar may
exceed 100 millimeters in length. See Hodges (1971) for illustrations
and references to the sphinx moths of North America.
Thyatiridae Thvatirids; 10 species. Caterpillars are external leaf
feeders, and may be found in loosely tied leaves on broadleaf plants.
The tail end (prolegs are reduced) is often raised above the plant
surface. Line patterns on the forewings and hindwings of thvatirids
often are wavy, curled, or zigzagged. Adults of thyatirids fly at night
and are attracted to light. When full grown, caterpillars may be 40
millimeters long.
Micromoths
Gelechiidae Gelechiids; 200 species, but poorly documented. Habits
and habitats vary among species. Caterpillars occur on conifers and
broadleaf plants. They are external leaf feeders, borers and tunnelers,
and leaf tiers, and are found in flowers and seeds. Caterpillars are
fairly nondescript, making field identification difficult. Identification
is best achieved using keys which rely on the arrangement of hairs.
Most full grown caterpillars are less than 15 millimeters long. Adults
are night-flying.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 1: Introduction
Plutellidae Plutellids or diamondback moths; 25 species, but poorly
documented. Caterpillars occur primarily on broadleaf plants, are
usually external leaf feeders, and may rie leaves loosely together. Body
color varies from yellow to green. Thev are relatively small, rarely
exceeding 15 millimeters when full grown.
Pvralidae Snout moths; 200 species, but poorly documented.
Caterpillars typically occur on conifers, broadleaf plants, and in nests
f -thcr insects. They .ire borers in plant stems and fruits. Identification
chieved using keys that rely on the arrangement of hairs. The
caterpillar is usually less than 30 millimeters long when full grown.
Adults arc night-flying.
Tortricidae Leaf-tiers; 300 species, but poorly documented.
Caterpillars are typically external leaf feeders but often found in rolled
leaves. Mam species are leaf miners as early instars, and occur on
conifers and broadleaf plants. Some species are distinctively marked
and identifiable in the field, but identification is best achieved using
that rely on the arrangement of hairs. A large, full grown tortricid
caterpillar will measure between 20 and 25 millimeters in length. Adults
are night-fiving.
NOMENCLATURE
The common names of Lepidoptera often describe their appearance or
where they live. Typical examples are: linden looper, alfalfa semilooper,
western spruce budworm, green oak caterpillar, tall webworm, cabbage
white, pine white, and chinquapin hairstreak. W hereas a species will have
i unique scientific name, a caterpillar, moth, butterfly, or skipper, might
ha\ nan . and some common names might be used
r> >r more than one spedes. The common names used here were found in
I ssig 1929 88), Hinchliff [1994), and Wagner et al.
T995 , and the list <>t common names that has been officially adopted by
the Entomological Society ot \merica fStoetzel 1989). Most of the moths
of western North \merica do not have recognized common names,
whereas butterflies are well known by their common names.
Lep IDOPTERA OF TH
e Pacific Northwest
The scientific name of all organisms is derived from Latin or Greek and
consists of at least two parts and often a third. Also, the last name of the
author who described the species is sometimes included in the presentation
of the name (not in this book). The first name refers to the genus and is
always capitalized. The second name, not capitalized, represents the species
epithet. In combination, the genus and species epithet represent a binomen
that is the full name of the species. Some species have a third name that
denotes a subspecies. Subspecies status is applied to distinct populations
that are geographically separated. Individuals of different subspecies within
a species are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
With few exceptions, individuals of different species do not naturally
interbreed or produce fertile offspring.
No two animals are allowed to have the same scientific name. A species
might possess a list of invalid scientific names (synonyms) due to a history
of taxonomic revisions.
BIODIVERSITY STUDIES
Understanding the biodiversity of Lepidoptera is essential to understanding
many important ecological issues, such as: recognizing special, rare, or
endangered species and habitats; assessing the impact of land management
practices; and determining food web relationships and the interdependence
of plants, Lepidoptera as herbivores and pollinators, and predators of
Lepidoptera.
Two important indicators of biodiversity are species richness (number
of species in a community) and abundance of individuals (population
numbers). Because Lepidoptera function as defoliators, decomposers and
pollinators, and are both prey and hosts to carnivores (Miller 1993), species
richness and abundance of individuals should be measured and evaluated
within the context of the ecosystems in which they are found. To that
end, various sampling techniques can be used, including light traps and
aerial net collecting for flying moths and butterflies, and clipping or beating
foliage to capture caterpillars.
Chapter 1: Introduction
A list of plant and animal species is the foundation of any biodiversity
study. Such a list is most meaningful when the species are evaluated
within the context of their ecological functions. That is, a species list can
become the foundation for an ecological database. One way to do this
would be to relate the life history attributes of the species to each name,
and then create functional groups according to those attributes and the
number of species exhibiting them.
For example, for western Oregon we have found an average of 350
species of macromoths in a typical forested site dominated by Douglas-
fir. Our record high collection of species from a single trap night was
104, but a count of 20-50 species per trap night is more typical. Similarly,
a typical forested habitat will support 80 butterfly species, on any good
day at the peak of the season up to 32 species may be seen.
By categorizing the listed species of macromoths according to the host
plants (an attribute of ecological function) of their respective caterpillar,
we can qualify the importance of plant communities on biodiversity of
the macromoths (Hammond and Miller 1998, Miller et al. 2003). The
macromoth species were assigned to one of three major vegetation
groups: conifers, hardwood trees and shrubs, and herbs and grasses. The
results showed that conifers supported only 10 to 12 percent of the
species, whereas flowering trees and shrubs supported 52 to 66 percent
of the species, and herbs-grasses supported 20 to 33 percent of the
species.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Lifecycle of Lepidoptera: Chapter 2
Lifecycle of Lepidoptera
The typical life cycle follows a holometabolous, four-stage sequence —
adult, egg, caterpillar (larva), and pupa — in which development during
the pupal stage involves the metamorphosis from a caterpillar to an adult.
ADULT
Moths and butterflies are the sexually mature adult life stage of
Lepidoptera. The adult serves three main functions in the life cycle: mating,
dispersal, and oviposition. Many moths feed on nectar or a liquid sugar
source for energy required for flight. Some species of macromoths do
not have functional mouthparts and cannot feed. Consequendy, they are
relatively short-lived and will exhibit a short flight period.
Dispersal and flight activity Not all moths have wings, and not all
moths with wings can fly. Typically, moths with wings have two pairs:
a pair of forewings and a pair of hindwings. The forewings are
attached to the second thoracic segment, the mesothorax. The
hindwings are attached to the third thoracic segment, the metathorax.
Individuals that do not have wings do not have flight muscles and
typically are female. The absence of flight muscles is associated with
a higher capacity for egg production. The males of species with
flightless females have fully developed wings and can fly. Examples
of species with wingless females are the lymantriids, Orgyia antiqua
and Orgyia pseudotsugata, and the geometrids, Erannis tiliaria , Operopthera
bruceata , Operopthera danbji , and Phigalia plumogeraria.
The period for flight may be characteristic for a species. The daily
rhythm and the seasonal pattern are the two temporal components
to flight behavior. A minority of moth species, and nearly all butterfly
and skipper species may fly during the day. Generally, moths fly
during the night, but some of the night-flying species fly during the
evening. No night-flying butterflies occur in the Pacific Northwest.
The time of season and the length of time for the flight period of a
species may also exhibit a diagnostic pattern. Most species fly at certain
times of the year and may be active for a period of 3 to 6 weeks,
whereas a few species may have individuals in flight throughout much
of the year. For instance, the arctiid Eophocampa argentata will be in
flight during the last few days of July and the first 3 weeks of August,
with a peak in flight around the end of the first week in August. The
males of the geometrids Operopthera bruceata and Operopthera danbji
will be in flight only from the middle of November to the last week
of December. The geometrid Sabulodes aegrotata has been observed
in flight beginning the last w-eek of J anuary through the spring, summer,
and fall, and up to the last week in November.
Mating and oviposition Typically, mating occurs soon after adults
emerge from the pupae. The search for a mate is facilitated by volatile
chemicals, called pheromones, wtiiich are emitted by a virgin female
and act as a sex attractant. Males detect the pheromone molecules
with their antennae and fly upwind to locate the chemical’s female
source. The act of mating may take many hours, but a female may
begin laying fertile eggs immediately after mating. Pheromones are
often species specific and help to isolate closely related species from
each other.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 2 Lifecycle of Lepidoptera
Figure 3 Eggs of Lepidoptera (A) Phyllodesma americana. (B) Acronicta funeralis, (C) Coloradia pandora, (D) Phryganidia californica, (E) Spodoptera praefica.
EGG
Ferrules m.u lav eggs single or in clusters, depending on the species. Most
species attach their eggs to the vegetation that will serve as die foodplant
f< r the caterpillar. 1 - >r instance, Phyllodesma americana will attach a single
egg r > the Seat < >f various dowering trees that will then serve as food for
the caterpillar. Some species, such as Orgyia antiqua , will deposit eggs on
the !k surrounding the pupal skin. Other species scatter eggs on the soil
:e. Egg production ranges from fewer than 100 eggs to more than
1 ,000 eggs per female.
CATERPILLAR (Larva)
rive, feeding, immature stage of moths and butterflies.
X ■ te1 exceptions, caterpillars are herbivorous. Few species of caterpillars
in animals. Most caterpillars feed on foliage, but
t teed on roots, seeds and flowers, and within branches and woody
"tern' Caterpillars ot mam species are monophagous or foodplant
•'pecialists, meaning thev have restricted ranges of plants upon which thev
in feed. Specialist species may feed either on only one plant species, on
n : tew related plant species, or on many species within one genus of
Man caterpillars are polvphagous, or generalist feeders. That is, the
idt range of plant species, typicall) covering
r six int families, and still develop into a normal-sized adult in the
While caterpillars might be less obvious at first glance, they can be very
abundant on certain plants at certain times of the year. Within a given
environment caterpillars can be found in a variety of habitats and
microhabitats. In general, they may be aquatic or terrestrial. They can be
found in fruits, roots and stems as borers or miners; in foliage as miners;
on the surface of foliage as skeletonizers or chewers; in galls; or in the
nests of other insects, such as ants and bees.
Caterpillars develop in the egg and then emerge through the eggshell,
which they sometimes eat. They increase in size each time they molt or
shed their skins. The period between molts is termed an instar, and typically
a caterpillar passes through five instars as it eats and grows (see Figure 7,
page 17). In certain species a caterpillar that will develop into an adult
female may develop through an additional instar and thus grow bigger
than the male. However, based on external morphology, it is usually very
difficult to distinguish between the sexes prior to pupation.
Most caterpillars feed and develop as solitary individuals, but a few species
aggregate. Some aggregating caterpillars construct nests. For instance, the
caterpillars of I Jjphocampa argentata aggregate on branches of Douglas-
fir but do not construct nests. The caterpillars of hlyphantria cunea and
Ma/acosoma ca/ifonricnm live in large colonies in silk nests they spin among
the twigs and branches of trees.
Caterpillar growth rates are strongly influenced by temperature and the
nutritional quality of foodplants. Generally, the cooler the temperature,
the slower the growth rate. The nutritional value of vegetation depends
on its protein (nitrogen), water, and allelochemical content. Most plants
Lifecycle of Lepidoptera: Chapter 2
contain between 1 % and 7% nitrogen by weight, and the higher the content,
the more nutritious it is. The same holds for water content. The closer
water content is to the higher end of the plant’s normal range, the more
nutritious it is. Allelochemicals are plant-derived chemicals — terpenes,
alkaloids, phenolics, and various proteins — that can stimulate or deter
feeding. Some are toxic to caterpillars and some are not. Some that are
not toxic to caterpillars, are toxic to one or more of their predators. In
turn, some unaffected caterpillars have developed mechanisms whereby
they store toxins as a defense against their predators. Many of the
poisonous caterpillars are aposematic, meaning they are brightly colored,
with the colors serving to warn away would-be predators. Two examples
are the brightly colored caterpillars of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae,
and the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus.
PUPA
Metamorphosis occurs inside the pupa. A butterfly pupa is called a
“chrysalis.” A moth pupa, called a “cocoon,” may be covered in silk, or
naked, and can be encased in rolled foliage or in the soil. Once a caterpillar
has attained a critical size, it changes behavior and stops feeding and begins
searching for or creating a site to pupate. Pupation can be quick, lasting 2
to 3 weeks, or prolonged, lasting more than one year. The pupa is the
overwintering life stage in many species. Typically, overwintering pupae
are in diapause, a state within which development of the adult is arrested
or slowed down to a low rate. The adult will not mature and emerge
from a pupa in diapause unless the pupa is first exposed to a period of
cold, followed by a period of increased warmth.
Overwintering A majority of the species of Lepidoptera in the Pacific
Northwest overwinter either in the pupal or egg stage. Only a few of the
common species in the Pacific Northwest overwinter as caterpillars,
including the arctiids Gnophaela vermiculata , 'Lophocampa argentata , and
Pyrrharctia Isabella ; the geometrid Neoalcis californiaria\ and the dioptid
Phryganidia californica. Species with overwintering caterpillars tend to occur
in regions with a mild winter. Some species, such as the mourning cloak
butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa , overwinter in the adult stage.
Figure 4 Pupae of Lepidoptera. The pupa of a butterfly (A) is known as a chrysalis. The chrysalis of Danaus plexippus hangs head down; the chrysalis of
Papillo zelicaon is recumbent, head up, and held by a silken belt. The pupa of a moth (B) may be naked (no silk), or variously enveloped in silk (cocoon).
The noctuid pupa lacks silk, and could be found in leaf litter on the ground, buried in the soil in a small cell, or in a rolled leaf. The cocoon of Nola minna is
attached to a twig of its foodplant.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 2 Lifecycle of Lepidoptera
Figure 5 Parasitoids of Lepidoptera. (A) A female Cotesia yakutatensis laying eggs in an early instar of Autographa californica ; (B) larvae of Cotesia
yakutatensis emerging from the host caterpillar; (C) pupae within a silken mass, spun by the parasitoid larvae, around the shriveled remains of the host
caterpillar.
N atural Enemies Lepidoptera have many natural enemies including
predat rs and pathogens. Predators of many types devour Lepidoptera,
■ t'ten in great quantities. These predators include rodents, reptiles, bats,
birds, --piders, nematodes, becdes, true bugs, and parasitoids. Pathogens
cause fatal diseases in Lepidoptera. The more important pathogens are
viruses, bacteria, protozoa, microsporidia, and fungi.
Lepidoptera are equipped with physical and physiological defense
mechanisms against such natural enemies, including stinging hairs on
caterpillars, as in Hemileuca eglanterina, camouflage, or crypsis, evidenced in
the white, gray, and black tones in the forewings and hindwings of adults
such as Semiotbisa and Itame. Behavioral protective features include flashing
bright colors or eyespots, which startle predators and are evidenced in
the hind- f the noctuid C. at ocala Ophelia, the sphingid Paotiias excaecatus,
and the saturmid Antbtraea polyphernus.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Lifecycle of Lepidoptera: Chapter 2
Figure 6 Parasitoids of Lepidoptera. (A) A pair of tachinid eggs on Papilio bairdii ; (B) larvae of an ectoparasitic wasp on the caterpillar of Drepanulatrix sp.;
(C) a trio of tachinid maggots (note swollen areas) inside the caterpillar of Trichoplusia ni (note dark spots where respiratory funnels of the parasitoid
larvae have pierced the caterpillar's exoskeleton); (D) solitary pupa of a parasitoid that had fed on the hemolymph and internal organs of Papilio zelicaorr,
(E) quartet of pupae attached to the exoskeleton of Nadata gibbosa; (F) a multitude of pupae of Copidosoma sp. inside the cadaver of Euxoa sp.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Morphology of Lepidoptera: Chapter 3
Morphology of Lepidoptera
Figure 7 The second through fifth instars of Hyalophora euryalus.
CATERPILLAR
Initially, caterpillars develop in the egg then emerge (eclose) from the egg.
After emergence, the caterpillar is called a first instar until it molts. The
caterpillar enters the second instar after the molt and increases in size.
Each molt distinguishes another instar. Typically, a caterpillar passes through
five instars as it eats and grows. The general appearance of the caterpillar
can change dramatically from one instar to the next. For instance, typically
the first instar is unmarked and simple in body form. The second instar
may exhibit varied colors and alterations deviating from a simple cylindrical
shape. Thereafter, caterpillars of certain species exhibit broad shifts in
color patterns between the third and fourth, or fourth and fifth instars
(see Figure 7).
Caterpillars can be distinguished from other immature insects by a
combination of the following features:
Adfrontal suture on the head capsule;
Six stemmata (eyrespots) on the head capsule;
Silk gland on the labium (mouthparts);
Prolegs on abdominal segments A3, A4, A5, A6, and A10; or A5,
A6, and A10; or A6 and A10;
Crochets (hooks) on prolegs.
There are other terrestrial, caterpillar-like insects that feed on foliage. These
are the larvae of sawflies. Sawflies usually have only one or a few stemmata,
no adfrontal suture, and no crochets on the prolegs, which may occur on
abdominal segments Al, A2 through A8, and A10 (see Figure 9, page
19).
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 3: Morphology of Lepidoptera
THORACIC SEGMENTS
ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS
PROTHORACIC
PLATE
adfrontalX.1?
SUTURE
STEMMATA'
SILK GLAND"^ W M & SPIRACLE
\A
TRUE LEGS
SUBDORSAL
LINE
SUBLATERAL MIDABDOMINAL
L!NE PROLEGS
A10
ANAL PLATE
SPIRACULAR BAND
ANAL PROLEG
Figure 8 Caterpillar morphology.
The variety of form in the body part1; plavs an important role in
_ and identifying caterpillar species. The caterpillar’s
body is divided into three sections: head, thorax, and abdomen.
Head C aterpillars have a well sclerotized head capsule, which in
rr.' ot species is marked with an adfrontal suture and typically contains
six stemmata or eyespots. The head has one pair of small, three-
segmented antennae located close to the base of the mouthparts.
Mouthpart components include a labrum, mandibles, maxillae,
and a labium. The labrum serves as an upper lip and may be notched
t- ' tuncti' m as a leaf guide and assist in orienting food between the
mandibles. The mandibles, located below the labrum, are paired,
< >pp< >sable, hardened tooth-like structures used to bite and crush f< >< >d.
Trie maxillae are located behind the mandibles and contain sensory
>rgans that distinguish between food and non-food foliage. The
labium is located behind the maxillae and contains the silk gland,
which emits a strand of silk used for producing pads, life lines (see
!' rr, mirori), and cocoons. The overall shape of the head capsule, color
patterns, the Potion of hairs on the head, and the morphology of
the mouthparts are helpful in identifying species of caterpillars.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
However, these features require the aid of a microscope and will not
be emphasized here.
Thorax The three thoracic segments include the prothorax, nearest
the head (Tl); mesothorax, in the middle (T2); and metathorax, which
connects to the abdomen (T3). Each thoracic segment has a pair of
segmented legs. The thoracic legs assist in locomotion and clinging to
substrates. Some caterpillars — in particular certain leaf mining
species — have no segmented legs on the thorax. Each side of the
prothorax has a spiracle, which is an external opening of the respiratory
system. The presence or absence and shape of sclerotized plates, the
location of primary setae (and setal clusters), the location, color and
shape of the prothoracic spiracle, and morphology of the legs also
aid in identifying caterpillar species (see Peterson [1962] and Stehr
1 1987] for further details).
Abdomen Typically, the abdomen has ten segments, A1-A10.
Segments A1-A8 possess spiracles, and an anal plate may occur on
A 10. Depending on the family group, certain abdominal segments
have fleshy prolegs bearing crochets (hooks). The typical pattern for
prolegs is one pair per segment on A3-A6 (midabdominal prolegs),
and A10 (anal prolegs). Exceptions include the Plusiinae of the
Noctuidae, which have prolegs only on A5, A6 and A10, and the
Geometridae, which have prolegs on A6 and A10. Some leaf mining
caterpillars have reduced prolegs, the remnants of which are merely
crochets on the abdominal wall, while other leaf miners may have no
prolegs. If prolegs occur on segments Al, A2 or A7-A9, the specimen
is most likely a sawfly (Figure 9).
Figure 9 Sawfly larva. Note the eyespot and midabdominal prolegs.
The prolegs on the abdomen are not true legs; they are fleshy extensions
of the body wall and not segmented appendages. The crochets at the
ends of the prolegs occur in a variety of configurations and can be
characteristic of specific family groups. The crochets may occur as a
closed or open circle, an ellipse, paired longitudinal lines, or a transverse
line. Also, the base of the crochets might be inserted into the flesh of
the prolegs in single rows (uniserial), double rows (biserial), or triple
rows (triserial). Likewise, the tips of the crochets might form a single
row (uniordinal), a double row (biordinal), or a triple row (triordinal).
Morphology of Lepidoptera: Chapter 3
Projections An array of projecting features may occur on various
caterpillars. The location and number of many of the following
traits may allow for a quick and accurate identification of a
particular caterpillar. The projections may be attached to the body
wall such as soft and flexible hairs, or modified hairs that are
sclerotized and hard or stiffened into spines. Also, projections
may be extensions of the body wall in the form of warts,
tubercles, or horns.
Hairs The types and arrangements of hairs are helpful in
identifying caterpillars. Hairs may be multicolored; short or long;
single in clusters (hair pencils) or tufts (tussocks); end in a tapered
point or a “club’'. In most of the Noctuidae and Geometridae,
a few single, short hairs (the primary setae) may be the only hairs
present; in these species the caterpillar is essentially naked.
The primary setae occur in specific locations on the body segments.
Secondary setae do not occur in specific locations and are scattered
over the body Caterpillars of certain families, e.g., Lycaenidae
and Satyridae, are covered by a dense pile of very short secondary
setae, giving them a velvet-like appearance. The presence of long
hairs usually is indicative of a relatively dense array of hairs. Also,
long hairs may occur in clusters or in densely packed tufts in the
middorsal area. Tufts usually are associated with glands, serving
as a wick for the gland exudate. Species of Arctiidae,
Lasiocampidae and Lymantriidae have notably hairy caterpillars.
Spines A single pointed spine is a chalaza; a spine with multiple
points is a scolus. Spines typically occur at defined positions along
a certain region of the body, e.g. dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, at the
locations of the primary setae. Numerous species, such as
Saturniidae and Nymphalidae, have spines of various kinds and
colors.
Warts Small bumps or very short finger-like projections that
extend from the body wall are called warts. In caterpillars warts
can occur in specific locations and exhibit recognizable patterns
which assist in identification.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 3: Morphology of Lepidoptera
Tubercles The length and location of extensions of longer finger-
likc pr ijections tubercles of the body wall also assist in identification.
Tubercles will often occur in pairs or in a series encircling one or
more segments.
Horns The bodv wall can be drawn into relatively short, pointed,
flesh', projections horns). As found in sphingid caterpillars, commonly
called hornworms, the horn occurs singly, typically in the middorsal
area of segment A8.
Body Shape
T mead’., caterpillars are cylindrical. Variations in this shape include bodies
•h.u .ire flattened, humped, < >therwisc swollen, or constricted. The flattened
shape is indicative of a leaf-mining habit while the cylindrical shape is
.haracteristic • >t borers, tunnelcrs, and external leat-teeders. The humps,
- Alings, and c< mstrictions serve as camouflage and help caterpillars blend
rsurr undings. The location and size of humps and constrictions
help identify certain species.
Humps Obvious bulges in the body profile can be found in many
■pecies. I-trge, dorsal, pvramid-like, posterior swellings are typical
ot \mphipyra pyramidoides and Fera/ia februalis. Thoracic and
■ _ s are typical of Catocala, Schi^ttra, and Zale
lunata.
Constrictions \ distinctive narrowing of the body. The neck region
is noticeably constricted among the Hesperiidae.
Colors and Patterns
( .ucrpill.irs displav a wide range of colors and patterns. The location of
i col. >r and irs pattern is helpful in identifying caterpillars. Common colors
arc brown, tan, cream, white, silver, gray, black, red, pink, orange, yellow,
green, blue, and purple. These colors are displayed in a wide assortment
of patterns that can be categorized as bands, lines, rings, streaks, dashes,
circles, dots, saddles, and patches. However, the pattern may differ subtly
Le PIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
or markedly from one instar to another. The most common locations of
definitive patterns are middorsal, subdorsal, lateral, sublateral, and ventral.
Middorsal longitudinal bands Wide lines extending from head to
tail along the middle of the back.
Lateral longitudinal bands Wide lines extending from head to tail
along the sides where die spiracles occur. In some species the top edge
of the band barely touches the spiracles and may appear to be a
subspiracular band.
Middorsal longitudinal lines Narrow lines extending from head to
tail along the middle of the back.
Subdorsal longitudinal lines Narrow lines extending from head to
tail more or less halfway between the middle of the back and the
spiracular area.
Lateral longitudinal lines Narrow lines extending from head to tail
along the sides where the spiracles occur. In some species the top edge
of the line barely touches the spiracles and may appear to be a
subspiracular line.
Rings Bands of color around the body segment, often in two or three
alternating colors, typically black, white, and or orange. Also, the
intersegmental area may be colored in a manner that shows a faint ring
pattern.
Streaks Narrow lines of color longer than half the width of a body
segment.
Middorsal dashes Narrow lines of color shorter than half the width
of a body segment and located along the middle of the back.
Subdorsal dashes Narrow lines of color shorter than half the width
of a body segment anil located along the subdorsal area of the body.
Middorsal line of circular or elliptical spots Relatively large spots
of a solid color (or middle of spot of variable color) located along
the middle of the back.
Scattered speckles Small dots or specks, usually white or black,
randomly and usually densely scattered over the body. Some species
may show black specks at the base of primary hairs, which are not
scattered.
Midabdominal saddles Irregularly shaped patches of color extending
across multiple segments along the middorsal area.
Dorsal transverse bands or lines Colored bands or lines that extend
from side to side across the back but not all the way around the body.
Anal transverse bands or lines Colored bands or lines that extend
from side to side across the dorsum of A9 or A10.
Oblique lines on midabdominal segments Lines, usually white,
yellow, or black, that extend between anterior lateral areas, and posterior
subdorsal or dorsal areas.
ADULT
The field identification of adult Lepidoptera is done by comparing
combinations of features including colors, patterns, wingspan and shape,
head, thorax, and abdomen (Figure 10). Taxonomists rely strongly on the
morphology of genitalia and, more recendy, DNA sequences.
Wings Two general criteria disdnguish wings among species: span/size
and color/ pattern. For the purposes of this guide, wingspan measurements
were taken from properly spread specimens of representative size for
each species. The distance from the tip of the left forewing to the tip of
the right forewing was used and is presented with a resolution to within 1
millimeter. We did not attempt to assess the statistical distribution of
wingspan values for each species; in general most species exhibit a size
range of 15 - 20 percent above and below the average value. Thus, it
wTould not be unusual to collect a specimen slightly smaller or larger than
the dimensions presented in the species diagnostic traits. {Note: The
photographs in Chapter 5 of this guide were printed to maximize the
size of the individual to the print dimensions of the image. In print the
Morphology of Lepidoptera: Chapter 3
small species appear to be the same size as the large species. Thus, it is not
possible to directly compare sizes among the species. Numerical
measurements of a typical wingspan are included for each species.)
The specific terms we use to describe wing patterns, and their usefulness
in distinguishing species, are dashes, lines, bands, patches, special spots,
and special areas.
Dashes Narrow, short marks extending less than half the distance
along the width or length of the wing.
Lines Narrow marks extending more than half the distance along
the width or length of the wing, and associated with a specific area
on the wing. The postmedian line may be broken or continuous and
occurs distal to the reniform spot (see below) and demarks the
proximal edge of the postmedian band. The submarginal line may
be broken or continuous and is proximal to the outer margin.
Figure 10 The areas, lines, and spots on the forewing on Euxoa vetusta, a typical
adult Lepidoptera.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 3 Morphology of Lepidoptera
Bands \\ ide areas typically extending more than half the distance
,i. n_ the width or length of the wing, often demarked by lines, and
associated with a specific area on the wing.
Patches Small, restricted areas of the wing demarked by distinct
colors but not delimited b\ lines. Basal patches occur in the basal
area.
Special spots The orbicular spot is a single irregularly shaped (typically
near-n .und shaped spot that occurs just short of half way along the
fr >nt edge of the forewing. The reniform spot is a single irregularly
>h aped often kidney shaped) spot that occurs just past half way
ah >n_' the front edge of the forewing. The discal spots are the
combination of the reniform and orbicular spots.
Special areas The basal area is the area of the wing nearest the
thorax. The midcostal area is in the center of the front edge of the
wing bek >w the c< >^tal margin. The discal area is bounded by the
-rbicular and reniform spots. The median area is the central area of
the wing. The postmedian area is distal to the reniform spot and
pn -ximai ti j the subapical area. The subapical area is proximal to the
apical area. The apical area is immediately below the apex of the
g. The submarginal area is proximal to the outer margin. The anal
ire i i' between the outer margin and the inner margin, proximal to
e. The subanal area is proximal to the anal area.
Head The most obvious features are the eyes, mouthparts, and
mtennae. 1 1< iwever, with the exception of pectinate antennae, which
.ud in identifying similar-looking species, these features are not the
most useful for field identification.
Thorax Three segments: prothorax, nearest the head; mesothorax,
in rh e midi lie; and metathorax, connecting to the abdomen. Forewings
arrach t<> the mesothorax, hindwings attach to the metathorax. Like-
r^ : h iir- of similar lengths might be arranged in collars and tufts
on the thorax. F.ach thoracic segment has one pair of legs. The
colors of leg hairs van.' among species. In some species, the forelegs
are shorter than the mid- and hindlegs.
Le PIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Abdomen The general size and shape of the abdomen is useful in
id end fiying families. For example, the abdomen of geometrids is
typically thin and appears small relative to the wing area, whereas the
abdomen of sphingids is robust and distinctly tapered. The abdomen
is the body segment that contains the genitalia, which are used in
describing and differentiating species.
Handling lepidoptera: Chapter 4
Handling Lepidoptera
COLLECTING
Caterpillars
There are many techniques for collecting caterpillars. The most basic
approach is to visually search through plants where feeding damage and
perhaps feces (frass) are evident. Another method of search involves
clipping and collecting foliage and inspecting it indoors, under controlled
lighting, with a magnifying glass or perhaps a microscope. Other collection
techniques require sifting soil to find pupating or root-feeding caterpillars,
or the use of sweep nets, beating sheets, burlap skirts, and funnel traps.
The sweep net is similar to an aerial net, and is used to brush over vegetation
and dislodge and capture caterpillars. Beating sheets are held under plants
and collect caterpillars as they fall from shaken or beaten foliage. Burlap
skirts can be tied around tree trunks to trap caterpillars while they are
moving between feeding, resting or hiding places. Funnel traps can be set
under plants to collect caterpillars as they drop from the foliage.
An excellent means of acquiring caterpillars is to capture live adult females
and rear the caterpillars from their eggs. This can be difficult, however.
Many species require specific and unique conditions of light, temperature,
humidity, flying space, and a substrate for opposition before the female
will lay her eggs.
Adults
There are many ways to observe and collect moths and butterflies. The
best way to collect day-flying moths is with an aerial net similar to one
used to collect butterflies. One of the simplest and most productive
methods is to place a white sheet under or behind an ultraviolet, white or
halide light at night. Moths will rest on the sheet after being attracted to
the light. Light traps can be purchased or assembled to collect moths
throughout the night (Figure 11). Attractants other than light include
Figure 11 A light trap setup includes a containment bucket (a killing agent optional for
unattended sampling), funnel, plastic veins holding the UV lightbulb, top fastened
down with bungee cords, and electrical wires equipped with a photoswitch at¬
tached to a 12-volt battery. This setup can be used to sample night-flying moths for
up to four consecutive nights.
fermented baits, commercially available (manufactured) pheromones, and
live virgin females.
As with caterpillars, a good way to acquire adults — and in excellent
condition — is to capture live adult females and rear the caterpillars that
hatch from their eggs through metamorphosis to emergence. Another
way is to locate caterpillars on host plants in the field and either (1) place
screen sleeves over the foliage, or (2) collect them from host plants and
rear them through emergence indoors in containers. In either case,
caterpillars will require suitable foliage for feeding, an appropriate site for
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 4: Handling lepidoptera
pupation, and frequent observation to note the time of adult emergence
u prevent the moths from damaging their wings while being contained.
In all cases, take care to protect Lepidoptera habitat. Avoid trampling
plants and disturbing unstable soils. Trv to grow the foodplants the
caterpillars need. If vou can’t, prune wild foodplants with care and an
e' c t< > the future; vou might need to return to the plants for more food.
L fleet as tew moth' as vour studv requires tor accurate and proper
d cumentati n. If p< issible, upon completing vour studv, release specimens
back mt - the environment from which they came. Be aware of any Federal
cal regulati »ns regarding collecting and releasing Lepidoptera. Take
extra care to protect rare and endangered species, and do not release
exotic species into the wild.
REARING
I he rearing t caterpillars is helpful in: associating field-collected larvae
with the adult, testing foodplants for suitabilitv, or associating parasitoids
and diseases with the caterpillar stage of respective species. Caterpillars
can be reared in cages in the field or indoors.
an 1 disadvantages to rearing caterpillars indoors.
< )ne advantage is that re not likely to lose the specimen. Another is
■r it, because of warmer temperatures, caterpillars will likelv grow faster
ind r growth will allow you to observe changes in size and
r pattern' t >r each instar 'ooner than vou might observe them in the
mt igi to indoor rearing is that food must be provided by
p tted plants, dipped f >liagc from the field, or replaced through artificial
slier '. Vnother is that unsuitable rearing conditions will result in high
mortality; Temperature control, dehydration, fungal growth, starvation,
cann: or., mb ercrou ding are common problems. Closed containers
may cause problem' due to excessive condensation and prior sanitation.
nibalism and disease may be reduced by raising the caterpillars
individually. Placing slightly moistened peat moss in containers will provide
. table medium within which the caterpillar can bun itself prior to
pupation, and the moisture helps to prevent desiccation, a common and
avoidable problem when rearing in dry indoor conditions.
iE Pacific Northwest
PRESERVING
Caterpillars
Preserved specimens are useful for eventual study of traits that photographs
cio not reveal. (Note: Improperly preserved caterpillars will rot and turn
black, a condition unsuitable for archival material and identification.) The
simplest method for preservation is a two-step process involving hot
water and ethy l alcohol. Step one: heat water to 180°C. If you do not
have a thermometer you can obtain an appropriate temperature by bringing
the water to a boil, removing it from heat, and letting it stand for a couple
of minutes. Place the caterpillar in the hot water for 3 to 4 minutes.
(Note: Extremely hot water mat’ cause die caterpillar to burst.) Remove
the caterpillar and place it in a specimen vile filled with 70% ethyl alcohol
(isopropyl alcohol is less desirable). Although this technique will provide a
properly inflated specimen, an unfortunate side effect is that the caterpillar
will lose most or all of its color. “Color” is best preserved through
photographs (see Photographing, page 24). Labels placed inside the
specimen vials should include information on place, date, and foodplant
at time of collection. Additional information regarding preserving
caterpillars, including freeze drying and blow drying, is presented in
Peterson (1962) and Stehr (1987).
Adults
A properly mounted specimen involves placing an insect pin through the
top of the thorax and spreading the forewings and hindwings: the hind
edge of the forewing should be at a 90° angle to the body; the front
edge of the hindwing should be under the forewing, such that the tip of
the hindwing creates a small notch with the outer edge of the forewing
(See chapter 5).
The pinned and spread moth or butterfly must be allowed to dry for a
few days at room temperature on a spreading board. Once dried the
forewings and hindwings will stay in place and the moth may be removed
from the spreading board and placed in an enclosed drawer or cabinet
for storage or display. A note of caution is in order — the specimens will
rot if they are damp when placed in compartments; some colors will
fade if subjected lo direct sunlight; and museum beetles (dermestids),
Handling lepidoptera: Chapter 4
which eat dead insects, may turn perfect specimens to dust. These and
other problems can be minimized if the adults are stored in sealed
containers and kept in a dark and dry location. Labels on the pinned
specimens should include at least the details of the place and date that the
specimen was collected. Additional label information could include
collecting and rearing facts, such as emergence dates, and who collected
the specimen. See Coveil (1984) for additional information on presenting
moths.
PHOTOGRAPHING
A color slide or print will provide a record of adults and caterpillars at
various times of development. An excellent photograph can be acquired
by using all of the following: (1) A 35 mm, single lens reflex camera with
exchangeable lenses. Instamatic type cameras will not allow the
photographer to get close to the subject or to fill the frame with the
subject. A majority of the photographs presented here were taken with a
50 mm macro lens mounted on a 25 mm extension tube. (2) Film with a
low ASA rating. A majority of the photographs in this handbook were
taken with color slide film ASA 25. This film speed provides superior
quality in grain but requires more light than faster films. (3) A flash system,
either a bracket or a ring flash. I (JCM) use a bracket system which consists
of two flash units that are mounted on opposite sides of the camera. The
lens, film, and flash units allow shooting pictures at f/16 and f/22 at a
distance of about 20 mm from camera lens to caterpillar. Photographs
can be taken in the field but shadows, wind, cluttered backgrounds, and
other unwanted features (like other insects) may interfere with obtaining
the best picture. Most of the caterpillars illustrated in this booklet were
field-collected but photographed in a staged indoor setting. Some of the
photographs of adult Lepidoptera were obtained by using a digital camera
equipped with a 90mm macro lens. The butterflies and moths were placed
on a spreading board and properly mounted on a pin and dried. The
spread adult was then photographed in a studio setting.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Photographs of the Species:
Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
The photographs of Lepidoptera are organized alphabetically by
family and then by genus within the categories of skippers,
butterflies, and moths. While many of the species illustrated here are
common, only a small percentage of the species in the Northwest are
represented.
If the identity of a macromoth from the western United States cannot
be determined by matching a specimen with a description or photo in
this book, then look in Miller and Hammond (2000) or Covell (1984).
Covell (1984) provides an extensive assortment of photographs for
species that occur in the eastern United States so the probability of a
match to a western species is limited to those species that are widespread
across the North American continent. Also, serious students of moths
should look in the references cited at the end of the discussion of each
family in the section on macromoth families. If the identity of a butterfly
from the Pacific Northwest cannot be determined by matching a
specimen with a description or photo in this book, then look in Pyle
(2002) or Neill (2001).
For each of the 239 species presented with a photograph of the caterpillar/ adult we protide a narrative
that includes three sections: Caterpillar, Adult, and Ecology. The caterpillar and adult sections are descriptive
for general identification purposes. The ecology section presents information on abundance, foodplants,
seasonality, flight, and biogeography. {Note: The photographs contained in this guide were printed to
maximize the size of the subject to the print dimensions of the image. Thus, in print the small species
appear to be die same size as the large species. Therefore, it is not possible to compare sizes among the
species. Numerical measurements of a typical wingspan are included for each species.)
A note about the organization. Black type in the chapter title heading indicates whether you are
on a page containing information about a skipper, butterfly, or moth.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
TOGRAPHS OF THE SPECIES: SKIPPERS, BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS
Hesperiidae
EpARGYREUS CLARUS - SlLVERSPOTTED SKIPPER
CATERPILLAR Yoil'iw with transverse subdorsal black streaks; T1 black and narrower than head and T2; true legs and
: pr< -legs orange. Head black with two prominent anterior orange spots.
ADULT \\ ir.j'pan 4. 5 centimeters. I orewings dark brown; each forewing has a large yellow-orange medial patch.
(I::: ■ n. Lrk brown, ventrallv each hindwing with a large silver medial patch.
ECOLOGY ( iaterpillars .ire uncommon in most of our area; feed on Fabaceae, particularly lotus, in the Pacific Northwest
\dults are diurnal; fly from earl) to midsummer. Found in open wet forests and riparian habitats
it \\ r v.tti m: widelv distributed throughout North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
H ESPERII DAE
Propertius Dusky Wing - Erynnis propertius
CATERPILLAR Pale green with white speckles and a faint yellow subdorsal longitudinal line. Head brown with tan
patches.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings dark black-brown with extensive pale gray scales and a row of small white
postmedian spots. Hindwings dark black-brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on oak and chinquapin during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in spring.
Found in dry, open forests and oak vToodlands from southern California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Hesperiidae
Pyrgus communis - Checkered Skipper
CATERPILLAR Light brown with small white dots and densely covered with short white hairs; T1 black and narrower
than head and T2. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 2.6 centimeters. Forewings black with white discal spots, a white median band, and white submarginal
spots. Hindwings black with a white median band and white submarginal spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Malvaceae during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly throughout the
summer. Found in open meadows and disturbed forest habitat at lower elevations; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Lycaenidae
Great Purple Hairstreak - Atlides halesus
CATERPILLAR Blue -green with short, fine, white hairs; a white diamond- shaped blaze middorsally on T2.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Wings iridescent blue with black borders. Hindwings have thin wispy tails of nearly
equal length; two-tailed in female and one-tailed in male.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on mistletoe growing on oaks during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from
late spring to midsummer. Found in oak woodlands of the Southwest and the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus - Echo Blue
CATERPILLAR White, each segment slightly swollen, immaculate.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Wings violet-blue. Hindwings ventrally white with small, black, median spots and
submarginal spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as snowbrush and spiraea, during spring.
Adults are diurnal; fly in spring and summer. Found in forest and riparian habitats; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
M$sP
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
LYCAENI DAE
Chinquapin Hairstreak - Habrodais grunus
CATERPILLAR Yellow -green with a pale-yellow subdorsal line.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings yellowT-orange with a black apical border. Hindwings ventrally yellow with
rows of fine brown spots; each hindwing has a short, wispy tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed during spring on evergreen Fagaceae, such as chinquapin, canyon live oak, and
tan oak. Adults are diurnal; fly from mid- to late summer. Found in oak woodlands and distributed from Arizona and
southern California to western Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
LvCAEN I DAE
ICARICIA ICARIOIDES - LUPINE BLUE
CATERPILLAR Light green, immaculate.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Wings are violet-blue with a silver sheen. Hindwings ventrally white to gray with rows
of black median and submarginal spots.
ECOLOGY The subspecies I. icarioides fenderi (featured in the photos) is rare (listed as an endangered species) and endemic
to the Willamette Valley of Oregon; 1. i. fender/ only feeds on a rare lupine, Eupinus sulphureus kincaidii, during April and May.
Adults are diurnal; fly in early summer.
Caterpillars of the nominate species are common; feed on lupines during the spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from
spring to midsummer. Found in montane meadows, open forests, and sagebrush rangelands; widely distributed in western
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Lycaeni DAB
Western Brown Elfin - Incisalia augustinus
CATERPILLAR Light green; subdorsaUy off-white to golden triangular patches with pale red shading, similar coloring
laterally in streaks.
ADULT Wingspan 2.6 centimeters. Wings gray-brown to red-brown. Hindwings ventrally red-brown with black median
spots and patches, and black postmedian spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on snowbrush and manzanita during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in spring.
Found in montane forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Lycaenidae
LyCAEIDES MELISSA - MELISSA BLUE
CATERPILLAR Green with a white lateral line, otherwise immaculate.
ADULT Wingspan 2.6 centimeters. Wings are violet-blue. Hindwings ventrally light gray with rows of black discal,
median, postmedian, and submarginal spots, and a broad red-orange submarginal band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on various Fabaceae, such as lupine, during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly
from spring to midsummer. Found in montane meadows, riparian habitats, and sagebrush rangelands; widely distributed
east of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Lycaeni DAB
Tailed Copper - Lycaena arota
CATERPILLAR Green, with prominent, anterior middorsal white dashes.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Wings copper to purple-brown. Hindwings ventrally gray with small black spots,
white postmedian and submarginal spots; each hindwing has a thin, wispy tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on currant during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from mid- to late
summer. Found in dry woodlands, canyon lands, and riparian habitats; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Lycaenidae
Mitoura grynea - Cedar Hairstreak
CATERPILLAR Green with chevron or circular subdorsal patches of white; lateral white streaks.
ADULT Win gspan 2.7 centimeters. Wings gray-brown to red-brown. Hindwings ventrally red-brown to purple-brown
with a white and black median line, black postmedian spots, and blue submarginal patches; each hindwing has a small, wispy
tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on western juniper, incense cedar, and western red cedar during spring.
Adults are diurnal; fly from spring to midsummer. Found in conifer forests and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in
western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
LYCAENI DAE
Thicket Hairstreak - Mitoura spinetorum
CATERPILLAR Tan-brown to green-brown with rosy-red, subdorsal chevron markings, and lateral patches of rosy-
red spots.
ADULT Wingspan 2.7 centimeters. Wings dull steel blue with black borders. Hindwings ventrally dark brown with a
wiiite and black median line, black postmedian spots; each hindwing has two, thin, wispy tails of unequal length.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common, and during spring feed on dwarf mistletoe growing on conifers, such as ponderosa
pine. Adults are diurnal; fly from spring to midsummer. Found in conifer forests; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
LYCAENI DAE
Satyrium behrii - Behr’s Hairstreak
CATERPILLAR Various shades of green with white hue and white streaks; dorsal segments ridged; lateral dashed line and
subdorsal oblique lines with pale yellow shading above.
ADULlI Wingspan 2.7 centimeters. Wings yellow-orange with black borders broadened at the apex into a large patch.
Hindwings ventrally gray with rows of black median, postmedian, and submarginal spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on bitterbrush during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from early to late
summer. Found in open, dry, pine forests, juniper woodlands, and sagebrush rangelands east of the Cascade Mountains;
widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Lycaeni DAB
California Hairstreak - Satyrium californicum
CATERPILLAR Mix of dark and light brown; discontinuous dorsal gray-green longitudinal band; discontinuous subdorsal
white longitudinal line; lateral oblique white lines.
ADULT Wingspan 3.2 centimeters. Wings gray-brown. Hindwings with an orange spot near the subanal margin, ventrally
gray-brown with a row of small black median spots, red submarginal spots; each hindwing has two, thin, wispy tails of
unequal length.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on bitterbrush during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from early to late
summer. Found in dry forests and woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Lycaenidae
Satyrium saepium - Russet Hairstreak
CATERPILLAR Green with subdorsal and lateral discontinuous yellow line.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Wings red-brown. Hindwings ventrally red-brown, with a narrow black median line,
small black postmedian spots, blue subanal spots; each hindwing has a short, thin, wispy tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on species of Ceanothus during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from early
to late summer. Found in dry forests and woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
LYCAENI DAE
Gray Hairstreak - Strymon melinus
CATERPILLAR Light green to pink-brown, with lighter-colored to nearly white, subdorsal, oblique dashes.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Wings dark gray. Hindwings with a red-orange subanal spot containing a black spot;
ventrally light gray with a black and white median line, small black postmedian spots, a red subanal spot, and a pair of thin
wispy tails of unequal length.
ECOLOGY This caterpillar will tend to be the same color as the foodplant (The photograph here used a caterpillar
removed from a pink-red flower and placed on the stem of the same plant.) Caterpillars are common and during spring
feed on many flowering plants, such as legumes and mallows, during spring. This species may cause economic damage in
commercial bean production. Adults are diurnal; fly from spring to fall. Found in open areas associated with oak woodlands
and agricultural habitats; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
N YMPHALIDAE
Adelpha bredowii - California Sister
CATERPILLAR Dorsum green with fine white speckles; ventrally light brown; elongate light brown scoli on T2, T3, A2,
A4, A7, and A9. Head light brown with multiple small spines, including one pair of spines at the top of the head capsule.
ADULT Wingspan 6.3 centimeters. Forewings black-brown, each with a narrow white median band, and a large, round,
orange apical patch. Hindwings black-brown, each with a white median band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on oak during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly throughout the summer.
Found in montane forests and oak woodlands in the Pacific western states from southern California to western Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Nymphalidae
Monarch Butterfly - Danaus plexippus
CATERPILLAR Black, white, and yellow rings; a distinctive pair of long, thin, black tubercles on T2 and A8. Head with
oblique bands of black and yellow.
ADULT Wingspan 9.5 centimeters. Forewings elongate, orange with black veins, a black submarginal border, and small
white submarginal spots.
ECOLOGY This caterpillar sequesters cardiac glycosides from its milkweed hostplant and is poisonous to potential
vertebrate predators; the adult is migratory. Caterpillars are common east of the Cascade Mountains, very uncommon on
the west side; feed on milkweed during early summer. Adults are diurnal; fly from spring to fall when they migrate south.
Found in open habitats, particularly along roadsides and fencerows; widely distributed in North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Nvmphalidae
Euphydryas chalcedona - Chalcedon Checkerspot
CATERPILLAR Mottled with black and white markings; three longitudinal rows of short black spines on an orange base.
Head black.
ADULs Wingspan 4.4 cendmeters. Wings are black with white discal, median, and postmedian spots; red marginal spots.
Hindwings ventral with alternating red and white bands or spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on penstemon and snowberry in spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from early to
midsummer. Found in open forests, riparian habitats, and mountain meadows in the Pacific western states and northern
Rocky Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Nymphalidae
Lorquin’s Admiral - Limenitis lorquini
CATERPILLAR Dorsum with humps on T1 (white), T2 (white), A2 (orange and large), A3 (orange and small), A7, and
A8, and white patches most extensive on Tl, T2, A4 through A6; laterally white patches extend from T1 through A10 along
the lateral line; a pair of prominent scoli on Tl.
ADULT Wingspan 6.0 centimeters. Forewings black with a white discal bar, a white median band, and an orange apical
margin. Hindwings black with a white median band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on willow, poplar, and certain Rosaceae, during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly
throughout the summer. Found in moist forests and riparian habitats; distributed throughout the Pacific western states and
the northern Rocky Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis antiopa - Mourningcloak Butterfly
CATERPILLAR Black with fine white hairs; middorsal longitudinal black line, red-orange spots, numerous small white
spots and black spines.
ADULT Wingspan 7.0 centimeters. Wings black-burnt brown with a tint of purple; metallic blue postmedian spots within
a black band, and a broad yellow submarginal border. Hindwings ventrallv black, mottled with fine lines, and yellow
borders.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common on willows from May to July. Adults are diurnal; fly throughout the year. Found
in moist forests and riparian habitats; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Nymphalidae
California Tortoiseshell - Nymphaus caufornica
CATERPILLAR Mostly black with two pale yellow dorsal stripes and dense short white hairs; yellow-orange dorsal
spines from A1 through A7 and laterally from A1 through A6; remaining spines black.
ADULT Wingspan 6.0 centimeters. Forewings yellow-orange with black spots and bars and a black border. Hindwings
ventrally dark black-brown and mottled with fine lines.
ECOLOGY This species will occasionally occur in very large numbers, defoliating snowbrush over many acres. Caterpillars
are common; feed on various broadleaf shrubs, particularly snowbrush, from June to August. Adults are diurnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in conifer forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Nvmphalidae
Phyciodes pulchellus - Field Crescent
CATERPILLAR Black with a white lateral band containing red-brown speckles; faint white subdorsal line. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Wings are mostly black with yellow and orange bands or spots. Hindwings ventrally
yellow-orange with fine brown lines and spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on asters during June and July. Adults are diurnal; fly from early to midsummer.
Found in montane meadows; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Nymphalidae
Faun Anglewing - Polygonia faunus
CATERPILLAR Yellow-orange with an extensive dorsal patch of white, irregularly bordered in black, on A3 through A9.
Multi-branched spines occur from T2 through A9. Dorsal spines on T2 through A2 are light orange; dorsal spines are
mostly white on A3 through A9, and the subspiracular spines on A1 through A9. Head black and mottled with orange.
ADULT Wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Forewings yellow-orange with black median spots, yellow postmedian spots, and a
broad black margin. Hindwings yellow-orange with black median spots, yellow postmedian spots, and a broad black
margin, ventrally motded gray-brown with green postmedian spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Salicaceae and Betulaceae, particularly willows, during June and July.
Adults are diurnal; fly throughout the year. Found in moist montane and riparian forests; widely distributed in western
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Nymphalidae
Polygon i a gracilis - Zephyr Anglewing
CATERPILLAR Yellow -orange with separate dorsal patches of white on A3 through A9; multi-branched spines occur
from T2 through A9; dorsal spines on T2 through A2 are light orange; dorsal spines are mosdy white on A3 through A9
and the subspiracular spines on A1 through A9. Head black and mottled with orange.
ADULT Wingspan 4.8 centimeters. Forewings yellow-orange with black median spots, yellow postmedian spots, black
margin. Hindwings yellow-orange with black median spots, yellow postmedian spots, margin mosdy orange, ventrally
mottled gray-brown with yellow postmedian spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on currant during ]une and July. Adults are diurnal; fly throughout the year.
Found in dry forests, woodlands, riparian habitats, and sagebrush rangelands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Nymphalidae
Atlantis Fritillary - Speyeria atlantis
CATERPILLAR Black with faint off-white streaks; a dual longitudinal line along the middorsum; subdorsal and lateral
scoli gray to tan. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 5.5 centimeters. Wings are orange with heavy black basal suffusion and rows of black spots and bars.
Hindwings ventrally black-brown or red-brown with a narrow, yellow, submarginal band, and metallic silver or cream-
white spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on violets, particularly Viola adunca , V. nuttallii , and V. canadensis, during
spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in midsummer. Found in wet forests, bogs, and meadows at high elevations; widely distributed
in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Nvmphalidae
Speyeria cybele - Great Spangled Fritillary
CATERPILLAR Black with tan middorsal, subdorsal, and lateral scoli. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 7.0 centimeters. Wings orange with heavy black basal suffusion and rows of black spots and bars.
Hindwings ventrally dark red-brown with a wide, yellow, submarginal band, and small metallic silver spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on violets, particularly Viola glabella , V. palustris , and V. adunca , during spring.
Adults are diurnal; fly in midsummer. Found in wet forests and riparian habitats at lower elevations; widely distributed in
western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Nymphalidae
Zerene Fritillary - Speyeria zerene
CATERPILLAR Light black to dark gray with faint off-white mottling; gray-black dorsal and subdorsal scoli; lateral scoli
on A1 through A8 cream-white. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 6.0 centimeters. Wings orange with wide black discal and median bars, and rows of black postmedian
and submarginal spots. Hindwings ventrally variable red-brown, purple-brown, or yellow, with metallic silver or white
spots; narrow yellow to lavender submarginal band.
ECOLOGY This species has many described subspecies. Among them, S. %erene hippolyta , the Oregon silverspot, is a
federally listed endangered species. Regarding the nominate species: caterpillars are common; feed on violets, particularly
Vio/a adunca and V. nuttallii , during spring. Adults are diurnal, fly from mid- to late summer. Found in montane forests,
juniper woodlands, and sagebrush rangelands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
N VMPHALIDAE
Vanessa atalanta - Red Admiral
CATERPILLAR Dorsum black with white speckles; base of primary setae (which are spines in this species) black; venter
black; broken yellow lateral line.
ADULT Wingspan 5.8 centimeters. Forewings black with a red-orange median band and white subapical spots. Hindwings
black with a red-orange submarginal band and small black submarginal spots; ventrally motded black, gray, and brown with
dark postmedian spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on nettles during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from spring to fall. Found in
open habitats and along woodland edges; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Nymphalidae
Painted Lady - Vanessa cardui
CATERPILLAR Dorsum black with small white spots; base of primary setae (which are spines in this species) orange;
venter gray white with irregular black markings; white hairs covering the body.
ADULT Wingspan 6.0 centimeters. Forewings orange with black median spots and a black apex with wdiite subapical
spots. Hindwings ventrally motded green-brown with white spots, and blue postmedian eyespots ringed with yellow.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on thisdes, lupines, and various Malvaceae during July and August. Adults are
diurnal; fly from spring to fall. Found in open grassland, roadsides, and montane meadows; widely distributed in western
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Papilionidae
BaTTUS PHILENOR - PlPEVINE SWALLOWTAIL
CATERPILLAR Black with distinct orange tubercles of varying lengths along rows positioned subdorsally, laterally, and
sublaterally. The lateral pair of tubercles on the prothorax is much longer than the others. Head orange-black.
ADULT Wingspan 8.0 centimeters. Forewings black with white submarginal spots. Hindwings metallic blue with white
submarginal spots and a scalloped wing margin; each hindwing has a single tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common south of the Pacific Northwest; feed on Dutchman’s pipevine during spring and
fall. Adults are diurnal; fly from spring to late fall. Larvae are found in riparian habitats where the hostplant grows; adults
are strong fliers and can be found far from rivers and streams. Widely distributed in the Southwestern States; locallv
distributed in northern and central California, straying into southwest Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Papilionidae
Oregon Swallowtail - Papilio bairdii
CATERPILLAR Light green, shades of blue green in dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral patches; alternating black dashes with
yellow spots create a broken transverse band across die middle of each thoracic and abdominal segment. Head green with
oblique black lines encompassing a yellow patch with a black dash in the center.
ADULT Wingspan 8.0 centimeters. Forewings yellow7 with black discal bars and a black border. Hindwings yellow, with
blue postmedian spots, yellow7 submarginal spots, a scalloped wing margin; each hindwing has one long tail, and lacks a
black median stripe.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on green sagebrush during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from spring to
fall. Found in dry canyon lands east of the Cascade Mountains and typically distributed near patches of the hostplant;
widely distributed in western North America.
EPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Papilionidae
Papilio eurymedon - Pale Tiger Swallowtail
CATERPILLAR Dorsum yellow-green transitioning to a light blue tone laterally and ventrally; thorax enlarged; T2 with a
broken transverse band of yellow marked with a black line and circle encompassing a blue spot; the intersegmental region
between A1 and A2 with a broad black band counter-shaded with yellow along the anterior edge; A1 with light blue spots
dorsally and subdorsally; A4 with a subdorsal dark blue spot; A5 to A7 with dark blue spots dorsally and subdorsally; A2
to A7 with dark blue dots below the spiracles.
ADULT Wingspan 8.5 centimeters. Forewings white with broad black discal bars and a black border. Hindwings white
with a black median stripe, blue postmedian spots, white submarginal spots, a scalloped wing margin; each hindwing has
one long tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many species of hardwoods, particularly Ceanothus, during the spring.
Adults are diurnal; fly from late spring to early summer. Found in montane forests; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Papilionidae
Indra Swallowtail - Papilio indra
CATERPILLAR Contrasting white and black rings with a small spot of orange dorsally.
ADULT Wingspan 6.5 centimeters. Forewings black with a yellow median band and submarginal spots. Hindwings black
with a broad yellow median band, blue postmedian spots, yellow submarginal spots, and a scalloped wing margin; each
hindwing has one short tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Apiaceae, particularly Lomatium and Cymopterus, during late spring. Adults
are diurnal; fly from late spring to early summer. Found in dry, rocky habitats east of the Cascade Mountains, where it is
widely distributed.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Papilionidae
Papilio rutulus - Western Tiger Swallowtail
CATERPILLAR Dorsum yellow-green with only a subtle transition into a light blue tone ventrally; thorax enlarged; T2
with a broken transverse band of yellow marked with a brown line and black circle encompassing a faint blue spot; A1 with
a transverse yellow band along the anterior edge; A1 with blue spots dorsally and subdorsally; A4 with a subdorsal faint blue
spot; A5 to A7 with blue spots dorsally and subdorsally; A2 to A7 with faint blue dots below the spiracles.
ADULf Wingspan 8.5 centimeters. Forewings yellow with black discal bars and a black border. Hindwings yellow with
a black median stripe, blue postmedian spots, yellow submarginal spots, a scalloped wing margin; each hindwing has one
long tail.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many hardwoods, particularly poplar, willow, alder, and maple, during late
spring. Adults are diurnal; fly from late spring to late summer. Found in montane and riparian forests; widely distributed
in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Papilionidae
Anise Swallowtail - Papilio zelicaon
CATERPILLAR Variable color depending on age. Early instars are mostly black with some white markings, and have the
appearance of bird droppings. Later instars, as shown here, are green with black streaks between orange spots on T1
through A8; midabdominal prolegs with black spots.
ADULT Wingspan 7.5 centimeters. Forewings yellow with black discal bars and a black border. Hindwings yellow, with
blue postmedian spots, yellow submarginal spots, and a scalloped wing margin; each hindwing has one long tail and no
black median stripe.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Apiaceae, including cow parsnip and fennel, during late spring. Adults are
diurnal; fly from early spring to fall. Found in coastal forests, subalpine meadows, and sagebrush rangelands; widely
distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Papilionidae
Parnassius clodius - Clodius Parnassian
CATERPILLAR Black; single row of yellow subdorsal spots on A1 through A8.
ADULT Wingspan 6.5 centimeters. Forewing white with elongate black discal bars and a black border. Hindwings white
with round red spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are not commonly seen, but adults can be very common. Caterpillars feed on bleeding heart
during late spring to early summer. Adults are diurnal; fly from early to midsummer. Found in coastal rainforests, riparian
forests, and subalpine meadows; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Papilionidae
Smintheus Parnassian - Parnassius smintheus
CATERPILLAR Black; single row of yellow subdorsal spots on A1 through A8; another single row of a triplet of
yellow subdorsal spots on A1 through A8, the anterior spot with a smaller yellow dot to the lateral side.
ADULT Wingspan 6.0 centimeters. Forewings white with round black discal spots, a pair of red spots. Hindwings white
with round red spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are not commonly seen, but adults can be very common. Caterpillars feed on stonecrop during
late spring to early summer. Adults are diurnal; fly from early to midsummer. Found in montane meadowTs and along rocky
ridge tops; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
PlERlDAE
Anthocaris sara - Sara Orangetip
CATERPILLAR Two tones of green, dorsally light green ventrally dark green, separated by a white lateral band. Head
green.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings white with a black discal bar and a red-orange subapical patch. Hindwings
white with marginal brown-black markings.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Brassicaceae, particularly rockcress and tumblemustard, during spring.
Adults are diurnal; fly in spring. Found in wet forests, subalpine meadows, and sagebrush rangelands; widely distributed in
western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
PlERIDAE
Pine White - Neophasia menapia
CATERPILLAR Dark velvet green over entire bodv; subdorsal cream-white longitudinal line; a sublateral white line may
be present. Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Forewings white with a curved black discal bar and black apical patch with vdrite spots.
Hindvings white, immaculate.
ECOLOGY The pine white is the most abundant butterfly in mixed Douglas-fir/ western hemlock forests. Caterpillars
are very common but normally not encountered, because they occur in the higher reaches of the forest canopy; feed on
conifers, such as Douglas-fir and pines, during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in late summer. Found in coniferous
forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
PlERIDAE
Pieris rapae - Cabbage White
CATERPILLAR Velvet green appearance over entire body with a middorsal yellow longitudinal line and a broken yellow
lateral line.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings white with two black median spots and a black apical patch. Hindwings
white; each hindwing has a marginal black spot.
ECOLOGY This species is an exodc pest of vegetable crops. Caterpillars are very common; feed on Brassicaceae during
spring and summer. Adults are diurnal; fly from early spring to fall. Found in agricultural and urban areas; widely distributed
in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths: Chapter 5
Satyridae
Large Wood Nymph - Cercyonis pegala
CATERPILLAR Light green with a dense covering of short hairs; lateral line yellow; faint subdorsal longitudinal yellow
lines; light orange spiracles.
ADULT Wingspan 4.8 centimeters. Wings dark brown with variably sized postmedian black spots encompassing a central
small white dot. Hindwings ventrally dark brown with a row of small postmedian spots and tine wavy lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on grasses in June and July. Adults are diurnal; fly from mid- to late summer.
Found in dry forests and woodlands, riparian environments, and wret meadows; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Arctiidae
Arctia caja - Garden Tiger Moth
CATERPILLAR Thoracic and lateral abdominal hairs mostly golden orange; dorsal and subdorsal abdominal hairs black
with numerous longer white hairs.
ADULT Wingspan 6.5 centimeters. Forewings brown with irregular white bands. Hindwings orange with round black
spots. Abdomen orange with middorsal black markings.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common, generalist feeders on foliage of herbaceous plants and small flowering shrubs, such
as vetch and willow; present in fall; overwintering, with development completed by May or }une. Adults are nocturnal; fly
in midsummer. Found in open habitats, such as meadows and forest edges; widely distributed at lower elevations in
western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Arcti i dae
ClSSEPS FULVICOLLIS
CATERPILLAR Hairs gray-white with longer lateral black tufts. Head orange.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings brown. Hindwings brown along outer margin with a light blue tint in the
middle of the wing. Body is black with an orange-yellow collar behind the head.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on foliage of grasses, sedges, and rushes during late spring. Adults are diurnal;
fly from early to midsummer. Found in grasslands among coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Arctiidae
Clemen si a albata
CATERPILLAR Cryptic ally patterned with mottled green and black; thin middorsal white line.
ADUL1 Wingspan 2.4 centimeters. Forewings white with a mottled pattern of fine black lines and spots. Hindwings off-
white and diffusely motded with light brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on lichens in trees and large shrubs during spring; most common on Oregon
white oak upon foliage they might eat, as well. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer. Found in woodlands and forests
west of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Arctiidae
Ctenucha rubroscapus
CATERPILLAR White hairs on a black and white body. Head orange.
ADULT Wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Wings black, edged with white distally. Thorax black, laterally with two red longitudinal
lines, prothorax with a red apical patch. Head red and black. Abdomen iridescent blue.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on grasses during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in midsummer. Found in wet
meadows along the West Coast in California and Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Arotiidae
Gnophaela latipennis
z *
^ -A:— . . . — • ^ ,
;v v Jg ^
* v
V %
m
CATERPILLAR Yellow with dorsal, lateral, and ventral black patches; clusters of white hairs originate from black bases
with blue spots. Head red-brown.
ADULT Wingspan 5.4 centimeters. Wings black with white markings in a distinctive pattern. Each forewing with a single,
small, basal, white spot; the medial and distal clusters consist of four white spots. Each hindwing with one medial cluster
of three white spots, and one distal cluster of two white spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on foliage of hound’s tongue during late spring and early summer. Adults are
diurnal; fly from mid- to late summer. Found in open pine forests from California to western Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Arctii dab
Grammia ornata
CATERPILLAR Longer white hairs interspersed among black hairs located dorsally and laterally; ventrally hairs orange.
Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 4.3 centimeters. Forewings black with narrow yellow streaks. Hindwings red-orange with a black
border and central black spots of variable proportions. Head is yellow with the thorax striped in yellow and black.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common, generalist feeders on foliage of herbaceous plants during spring. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in early summer. Found in meadows and clearcuts; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Arctiidae
Hemihyalea edwardsii
CATERPILLAR Tan hairs on thorax; long white hairs interspersed among black abdominal hairs dorsally and tan hairs
laterally.
ADULT Wingspan 6.5 centimeters. Wings semitransparent, creamy yellow-orange with faint black markings. Thorax
yellow; abdomen red-pink.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are not commonly encountered; feed on oak foliage during late spring and summer. Adults very
common at lights, nocturnal, fly in late summer. Found in oak woodlands in California and western Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Arctiidae
Fall Webworm - Hyphantria cunea
CATERPILLAR Long white hairs originate from red spots on a black body with yellow markings.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Wings white with no other markings. Abdomen yellow-white; ventral side of prothorax
and femur of foreleg with orange hairs.
ECOLOGY The communal caterpillars are very common, forming large silk tents on the branches of broadleaf trees; at
times considered a pest. Caterpillars feed on numerous plants, particularly willow, alder, and black cottonwood, during
August and September. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in woodlands, riparian, and urban environments;
widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Arctiidae
Lophocampa argentata - Silver Spotted Tiger Moth
CATERPILLAR Clusters of short yellow hairs are concentrated subdorsally with clusters of short orange hairs located
laterally; middorsal clusters of short black hairs. Body black.
ADULT Wingspan 4.1 centimeters. Forewings gold-brown with silvery white spots. Hindwings off-white, nearly immaculate.
Abdomen yellow.
ECOLOGY This species is abundant, sometimes considered a pest. Caterpillars are very common; feed on conifers,
particularly Douglas-fir. Early instars are gregarious, present in August; overwintering, with development complete by May
or June the following spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late July to early August. Found in moist conifer forests along
the West Coast from California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
ArCTII DAE
Spotted Tussock Moth (mid instars) - Lophocampa maculata
CATERPILLAR (Mid instars) This is one of many caterpillars that develops through more than one color phase, either by
stage of development, generic polymorphism, or other environmental factors; in this species color phases differ according
to age. Mid instar: Midabdominal segments with middorsal clusters of red hairs among bright yellow hairs; anterior and
posterior with long wisps of white hairs and shorter yellow and black hairs.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
ArOTI I DAB
Lophocampa maculata - Spotted Tussock Moth (last instar)
CATERPILLAR (Last instar) midabdominal segments with wisps of long white hairs among red-orange hairs; anterior
and posterior with long wisps of white hairs among short black hairs.
ADULlI Wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Forewings yellow with brown bands. Hindwings immaculate. Abdomen yellow.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as bigdeaf maple, oak, and red alder,
during July and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in low elevation woodlands and wet forests; widely
distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species? Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths? Chapter 5
Arctii dab
Platyprepia virginalis
CATERPILLAR Black with orange hairs at the anterior and posterior ends; middle portion of the body with long white
hairs.
ADULT Wingspan 6.2 centimeters. Forewings black with many large, round, pale-yellow to off-white spots. Hindwings
variable, either orange with black bands or mostly black with orange spots. Thorax black with dorsal-anterior patches of
yellow.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on herbs and grasses, present in fall; overwintering, with development completed
by June the following spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in early summer. Found in wet meadows of coniferous and hardwood
forests throughout western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Arctiidae
PyRRHARCTIA ISABELLA - BANDED WOOLLYBEAR
CATERPILLAR Dense cover of hairs over body, midabdominal segments with reddish orange hairs, anterior and
posterior segments with black hairs.
ADULT Wingspan 5.3 centimeters. Forewings mustard-yellow with numerous small, dark spots. Fhndwings yellow-
orange with a few small, dark spots.
ECOLOGY This is the species of folklore in predicting the weather based on the extent of the orange band; the more
black covering the body (less orange), the colder the upcoming winter. Caterpillars are very common; feed on herbs, such
as nettles, during fall and spring; overwintering, with development completing in the spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found at lower elevations in woodlands and wet forests; widely distributed in western North America and
particularly common west of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Arctiidae
Spilosoma vestalis
CATERPILLAR Black hairs dorsally; white hairs laterally. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 5.2 centimeters. Wings and abdomen white with small black spots. Femur of foreleg with red hairs.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common, generalist feeders on foliage of flowering trees, particularly oak, during spring.
Adults are nocturnal; fly from late May through June. Found in moist hardwood and coniferous forests west of the
Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Arctiidae
Spilosoma vi rginica - Yellow Woollybear
CATERPILLAR Long hairs white; short hairs white and yellow-orange; colors uniformly dispersed over body except for
lateral region of A4 through A6 where hairs appear white.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Wings white with a few small spots toward the outer margin. Hindwings white with
submarginal spots. Femur orange-yellow on foreleg. Abdomen white and orange with dorsal patches of black spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on herbs, such as dandelion and Queen Anne’s lace, present in fall; overwintering,
with development completed by )une or July. A second generation occurs during the summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in wet forests and meadows; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Arctiidae
Cinnabar Moth - Tyria jacobaeae
CATERPILLAR Hairs are sparse, atypical for arctiids. Alternating orange and black rings occur along the entire length of
the body.
ADULT Wingspan 3.7 centimeters. Forewings dark gray-black, each forewing with a red costal stripe and two red
submarginal spots. Hindwings nearly all red with gray margins. Abdomen black.
ECOLOGY This species feeds on tansy ragwort, a noxious weed for which it was intentionally introduced into the
western United States as a biological control agent. Caterpillars are very common, and with rare exception feed only on
species of Senecio, particularly S. jacobaea , during July and August. The gregarious caterpillars are poisonous to vertebrate
predators due to the sequestration of pyrolizidine alkaloids from die hostplant. Adults are diurnal; fly in May and June.
Found in open habitats west of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Dioptidae
Phryganidia californica - California Oakworm
CATERPILLAR Two middorsal white bands bordered in purple; yellow subdorsal and spiracular bands separated by a
gray-purple band bordered in black; transverse black stripe on Tl, Al, and A8; A5 with a middorsal black spot. Head tan
with a faint tint of orange.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings tan-light brown with a yellow median patch. Hindwings tan and immaculate.
ECOLOGY This species is an occasional pest on live oak and chinquapin. Caterpillars are common; feed on live oak and
chinquapin during fall, winter, and spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in dry woodlands in western
Oregon and California.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
DrE PAN I DAE
Arched Hooktip - Drepana arcuata
CATERPILLAR Dorsum with shades of brown, purple, and black on green; knobby warts most prominent on T2
through A2.; anal segment extended into a single point. Head white-tan with two dark brown transverse bands.
ADULT Wingspan 3.7 centimeters. Forewings pale yellow-brown with smooth outer margins and noticeably hooked
(falcate) at the apex, postmedian line is narrow.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on red alder during July and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly from May to
August. Found in riparian habitats and moist forests; widely distributed in North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Aethaloida packardaria
CATERPILLAR Uniformly gray; dorsal tubercles on A2, A4, and A8; ventral tubercle on A3. Third pair of true legs
much larger than other true legs. Head silver-gray, slighdy cleft.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Wings dark gray with fine black wavy lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common on buckbrush during June and July. Adults are nocturnal, typically with two
observable flight periods; the first from March to June, the second in August and September. Found in dry forests in
California and southwestern Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Geometridae
Anacamptodes clivinaria
CATERPILLAR Silver-gray; a subtle hump on dorsum of A2 and A8.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings mottled white and gray, wavy black and yellow medial lines. Hindwings
with nearly straight medial lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on snowbrush and bitterbrush during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly
from late spring to early summer. Found in open dry forests and woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Anagoga occiduaria - American Bared Umber
CATERPILLAR Yellow -tan with diffuse red-brown shading; small hump on middorsum of A5.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings pale yellow to brown with a jagged dark brown median band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on flowering trees and shrubs, particularly maple, blueberry, and ocean spray.
Adults are nocturnal; fly in early summer. Found in wet conifer forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Apodrepanulatrix litaria
CATERPILLAR Green with a wide middorsal white band.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings mottled dark gray or brown with two wavy dark medial lines and a row of
black postmedian spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpill ars are uncommon; feed on Ceanothus during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late summer to
fall. Found in moist coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Archiearis infans
CATERPILLAR Green; dorsally with yellow spots at the location of primary setae (pinaculae); subdorsally two faint
yellow longitudinal lines; laterally a distinct yellow line. The presence of four pairs of midabdominal prolegs is a very
unusual feature for inchworms. Head yellow-green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings dark red-brown to black with a white median band and white subapical
patch. Hindwings red-orange with a black anal band and discal spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on alder during late spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in early spring. Found in
wet forests; widely distributed in northern North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Pepper Moth - Biston betularia
CATERPILLAR Intermixed shades of tan and light green; cone-like humps on head and Tl.
ADULT Wingspan 4.8 centimeters. The wings are variable in color from pale gray to a dark black-brown, with wavy black
lines and heavily speckled with dark gray spots.
ECOLOGY This species is the pepper moth that has been cited as an example of industrial melanism in England.
Caterpillars are common, generalist feeders on flowering trees and shrubs, particularly alder, willow, and chinquapin. Adults
are nocturnal; fly from early to midsummer. Found in wet forests and riparian habitats; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Campaea perlata - Fringed Looper
CATERPILLAR The presence of two pairs of midabdominal prolegs is an unusual feature for inchworms. In this
species the prolegs on A5 are slightly reduced. In contrast, the midabdominal prolegs on A5 and A6 in plusiines (Noctuidae)
are nearly equal in size (see A. utographa californica ). The body color is variable in this species but is generally drab, such as the
gray-brown depicted here. The ventral fringe of knobby hairs is unique among inchworms in the Pacific Northwest.
ADULT Wingspan 3.9 centimeters. Forewings pale green-white with two white lines counter-shaded with darker green.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as serviceberry, red and mountain alder, and
hazel, during April and May. Adults are nocturnal; fly in summer. Found in moist forests; widely distributed in western
North America.
LePSDQPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Chesiadodes cinerea
CATERPILLAR Yellow-green; middorsal white band encompassing a golden central longitudinal line with black edged
gray dashes on A2 through A8; broken scalloped white lateral line.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings elongate, light to dark gray with thin black lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on rabbitbrush during June and July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer.
Found in dry sagebrush rangelands and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Chlorochlamys triangularis
CATERPILLAR Yellow-green. Head more strongly yellow.
ADULT Wingspan 1.9 centimeters. Forewings pale green with thin white lines that may fade to yellow as the moth ages.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on rabbitbrush during ]une and July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer.
Found in dry sagebrush rangelands and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Chlorosea banksaria
CATERPILLAR The lateral flanges on A2 through A5 are characteristic of three common inchworms (see Nemoria
darwiniata\ the third species, Sjnchlora aerata , is not illustrated in this volume). Green with minute white dots and oblique
yellow-white stripes; enlarged lateral flanges on A2 through A5.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Wings green with a single white line. This moth may be distinguished from other green
geometers by its large size and the single white line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on ocean spray during May and |une. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer.
Found in wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
COCHISIA SINUARIA
CATERPILLAR Yellow with an undertone of green; T1 with a pair of minute bumps. Head red-brown with two cone¬
like projections.
ADULT Wingspan 5.0 centimeters. Wings pale gray with narrow wavy black lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on manzanita during late spring to early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
fall. Found in dry woodlands and forests from western Oregon to Arizona.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Cyclophora d atari a
CATERPILLAR The colors of this inchworm vary in the intensity of contrast between light and dark markings. Colors
range from tan, to brown, to gray, but always with the darker middorsal semicircle countered by the anterior lateral light
markings, particularly on A2 through A5.
ADULT Wingspan 2.4 centimeters. Wings yellow to pale brown with fine black speckles and a small round white spot near
the discal cell.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on white oak during July and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in summer.
Found in oak woodlands ranging from California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
DaSYFIDONIA AVUNCULAR! A
CATERPILLAR Red -brown with shades of dark pink; broken yellow spiracular line; lateral patches of dark red-brown
on each abdominal segment.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings brown with black lines and a white subapical spot. Hindwings red-orange,
each with two black lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on bitter cherry during late spring to early summer. Adults are diurnal; fly
in spring. Found in montane forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix carnearia
CATERPILLAR Yellow -green with pale-yellow speckles; multiple discontinuous, longitudinal lines, and ten middorsal red
spots.
ADULT Wingspan 2.5 centimeters. The wings vary from cream-white, to pink or orange; each forewing has three narrow,
nearly straight red lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on Ceanothus during July and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early
summer. Found in wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix falcataria
CATERPILLAR A patchwork of white, silver, gray, tan, and black; a thin yellow spiracular line, counter shaded with black
patches, is broken by patches of gray-white.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings slightly falcate, red-orange to pink, each with three lines. Hindwings white.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Ceanothus during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in
wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix foeminaria
CATERPILLAR Body color variable, green or brown; lateral yellow band with ragged edges on light green body with
faint white longitudinal markings; spiracles orange.
ADULT Wingspan 3.1 centimeters. Wings brown, speckled with black, and show amorphous gray-black markings.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Ceanothus from June through August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in spring.
Found in wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
L.EPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix monicaria
CATERPILLAR Green with a velvet appearance; small middorsal white spots or patches may occur on midabdominal
segments; middorsal red-brown streak on thorax and anterior abdomen.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings pink to light red, finely motded with black flecks, postmedian line of black
spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on species of Ceanothus from May through July. Adults are nocturnal; fly from
spring to fall. Found in wet and dry forests; distributed along the West Coast from southern California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix unicalcararia
CATERPILLAR Mottled brown and gray-black; faint scalloped subspiracular line.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings gray to red-orange with a narrow, sharply angled postmedian line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Ceanothus during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly during two distinct
periods: late spring to early summer and late summer to fall. Found in wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Dysstroma citrata
CATERPILLAR Yellow-green; no other markings.
ADULT Wingspan 3.2 centimeters. Forewings with a black median band, a dark brown basal band, and a yellow apical
patch.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on flowering trees and shrubs, such as alder and thimbleberry. Adults are
nocturnal; fly from midsummer to fall. Found in moist forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
DySSTROMA FORMOSA
CATERPILLAR Light green with a white hue, and white subdorsal longitudinal lines.
ADULT Wingspan 3.1 centimeters. Forewings with a gray median band and a dark brown basal band.
ECOLOGY This species is the most common inchworm on currants and gooseberries; feeds on many species of Ribes
during June and July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in dry forests; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Dysstroma sobria
CATERPILLAR Head and body yellow green with ten middorsal red spots.
ADULT Wingspan 3.8 centimeters. Forewings with a white median band and dark brown basal and postmedian bands.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on species of Ericaceae, such as salal and rhododendron, during April and
May. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. This species is limited to moist forests of the Pacific West.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Saddleback Looper - Ectropis crepuscularia
CATERPILLAR Mottled white, gray, tan, brown, and golden; a black subdorsal dual striped longitudinal line extends
from the head to A8; A8 with a pair of small dorsal warts.
ADULT Wingspan 4.1 centimeters. Forewings white with fine, dentate black lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common, generalist feeders occurring in the spring and early summer on numerous
flowering trees and shrubs, such as alder, willow, and snowberry, and conifers, such as Douglas-flr and western hemlock.
Adults are nocturnal; fly in spring. Found in wet forests, riparian habitats and woodlands; widely distributed in western
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
ElPISTE LORQUiNARlA
CATERPILLAR Body may be either green or brown; prominent lateral yellow band and faint yellow longitudinal
markings are consistent in both body colors.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings with falcate apex, pale yellow or brown; each forewing has two narrow
lines and three black marks in the submarginal area.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on red alder and willow from June through August. Adults are nocturnal; fly
in late summer. Found in rain forests of the Pacific Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Maple Spanworm - Ennomos magnaria
CATERPILLAR Green with yellow shading; tan-brown circumsegmental swellings around die posterior edge of A2, A3,
and A5. Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 5.2 centimeters. Forewings yellow7-orange with many small dark spots and a sharply angular outer
margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on alder and willow in late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found
in moist forests; widely distributed in wrestern North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Erannis tiliaria - Linden Looper
CATERPILLAR Dorsum brown with black longitudinal lines; yellow laterally with faint to distinct red-brown shading
around the spiracles; ventral part of body off-white.
ADULT Females are wingless. Male wingspan 4.0 centimeters. The wings are cream colored to pale yellow with tine
speckles and dark wavy bands, the outer bands varying from solid black to pale brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as serviceberry, white oak, and
hazel, during May and June. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late fall. Found in oak woodlands; widely distributed in western
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies. & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Euchlaena johnsonaria
CATERPILLAR Small dorsal warts on A1 and A5, body with swirls of cream and light brown colors.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings falcate with a scalloped margin, dark brown to pale yellow with thin lines
and black postmedian spots. Hindwings with a strongly scalloped margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on cascara and mock orange during May and June. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in midsummer. Found in moist forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Euchlaena tigrinaria
CATERPILLAR Silver and gray with dorsal patches of red-brown; posterior of A1 and A5 with a subdorsal wart.
ADULT Wingspan 3.9 centimeters. Wings pale orange and speckled with many dark spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, particularly serviceberry and hazel,
during April and May. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in moist forests; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Eudrepanulatrix rectifascia
CATERPILLAR Brow rn head and light green body with faint white lines; small middorsal reddish brown spots or patches
may occur on midabdominal segments; middorsal reddish brown streak on diorax and anterior abdomen.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings white to pink with fine gray mottling and a narrow postmedian line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on species of Ceanothus from June through August. Adults are nocturnal; fly
from early to late summer. Found in wTet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Eulithis xylina
CATERPILLAR Red-brown-amber; black collar around T2; intersegmental rings are pale gray-brown.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings with a dark brown median band with a smooth outer margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as ocean spray, red stem osier,
ninebark, and azalea, during June and July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in moist forests and riparian
habitats; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Eupithecia annulata
CATERPILLAR Golden yellow-green dorsally and laterally; venter olive green, no other markings.
ADULT Wingspan 2.3 centimeters. Forewings gray-brown with faint dark bands and a black discal spot. Hindwings with
a checkered margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on conifers, such as hemlock and Douglas-fir, during late spring and early
summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in coastal rain forests of the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
EuPITHECIA GILViPENNATA
CATERPILLAR Yellow-green with a dark red middorsal line from the head to A 10.
ADULT Wingspan 2.6 centimeters. Forewings black, often with orange medial spots and an orange subapical patch.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on manzanita during late spring and early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly
in early spring. Found in dry forests and oak woodlands in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Eupithecia graefii
CATERPILLAR Color variable from solid green, a rosy pink, to red-pink, typically matching color with the hostplant.
ADULT Wingspan 2.3 cendmeters. Forewings brown with a red-yellow cast; each forewing has an elongate, black discal
spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpill ars are common; feed on manzanita and madrone from April through |une. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in summer. Found in dry forests and woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Eupithecia maestosa
CATERPILLAR Light green throughout; immaculate.
ADUl Wingspan 2.0 centimeters. Forewings with brown basal and medial lines; each forewing has a faint transverse
yellow band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common, generalist feeders occurring in the spring on hardwood trees and shrubs, such as
serviceberry, ash, ocean spray, and elderberry. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to midsummer. Found in moist forests;
widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Geometridae
Eupithecia misturata
CATERPILLAR Variable in color from white to rosy brown; A1 through A6 with distinct darker transverse band that is
expanded anteriorly in the center and along each side near the subdorsal area.
ADULT Wingspan 1.8 centimeters. Forewings pale gray; each forewing has a small black discal spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common, generalist feeders occurring in late spring and early summer on the foliage and
flowers of flowering trees and shrubs, particularly ocean spray, manzanita, snowberry, and oak. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
summer. Found in woodlands and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Eupithecia nevadata
CATERPILLAR Darker green dorsaily with small white dots; lighter green ventrally with a white hue and small white
dots; lateral off-white band bordered with streaks of red, mostly on thorax and posterior abdominal segments.
ADULT Wingspan 2.6 centimeters. Forewings white to gray with red to brown costal and submarginal patches.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on bitterbrush and species of Ceanothus during June and July. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in dry forests and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Eupithecia ravocostaliata
CATERPILLAR Dorsum and venter green; lateral off-white band bordered by a solid red line below.
ADULT Wingspan 2.3 centimeters. Forewings elongate and pointed with white and black costal and submarginal patches.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on cascara from June to August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring.
Found in woodlands and wet and dry forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Eupithecia unicolor
CATERPILLAR Green with shades of yellow, matching foliage of the foodplant for a cryptic appearance.
ADULT Wingspan 2.5 centimeters. Forewings red-brown to yellow-orange with a thin black medial line, often with black
streaks along the submarginal border.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on western red cedar from May to July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late
summer. Found in wet coniferous forests from southern California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
EU STROMA SEMIATRATA
CATERPILLAR Red-brown; T3 with a transverse black line.
ADULT Wingspan 3.3 centimeters. Forewings with a black median band that has a jagged outer margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on herbaceous plants, such as fireweed, during spring. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in fall. Found in open habitats associated with wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Gabriola dyari
CATERPILLAR Mostly brown, dorsum with light caramel-colored patches; subdorsally and laterally abdomen with
slightly swollen areas; white dorsal patches on Al, A3, and A8. This caterpillar can contort its body into a configuration that
looks like a male cone of conifers.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings dark, mottled gray to black; each forewing has a narrow, wavy, black
median line and a curved, black basal line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on conifers, such as Douglas-fir and western hemlock, during late spring.
Adults are nocturnal; fly in summer. Found in wet and dry coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Hesperumia latipennis
CATERPILLAR Gray mixed with white-gray; small dorsal tubercles on A2 and A2 slighdy bulging laterally; small ventral
tubercles on A3.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings a uniform pale gray; each forewing has a narrow, sharply dentate median
line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on ocean spray and currants during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in wet and dry forests; most common west of the Cascade Mountains, ranging from California to
British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Hesperumia sulphuraria
CATERPILLAR The body color of this species is highly variable, often matching its background. The subdorsal wart on
A2 is the best trait for tentadve field identification.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings pale to dark yellow with purple-brown median and basal bands and a
broad purple-brown discal spot; markings are variable from very prominent bands to nearly no marks except for the discal
spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as species of Ceanothns,
manzanita, ocean spray, and bitterbrush, from May through July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in
woodlands and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Hydriomena manzanita
CATERPILLAR Off-white, almost translucent; middorsal black line from T2 through A9. Head light brown.
ADULT Wingspan 3.2 centimeters. Forewings elongate and pale gray with obscure markings forming dark curved bands.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on manzanita and madrone during June and July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
spring. Found in dry conifer forests and oak woodlands along the West Coast from California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
CATERPILLAR Tan and brown; A4 and A5 with a diffuse patch of white.
ADULi Wingspan 3.3 centimeters. Forewings white, mottled with yellow and brown; each forewing has a small black
discal spot. Hindwings with margin slightly scalloped.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on alder during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer. Found in wet
forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Iridopsis emasculata
CATERPILLAR Dorsal red markings with irregular borders, noticeably expanded and constricted on A3 through A6;
subdorsally and laterally green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings pale gray-cream with narrow wavy black lines and a brown patch bordered
by two black tooth-like marks in the subapical area.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on maple, alder, and Vacanium during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in woodlands, riparian habitats, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
GEOMETRI DAE
Itame bitactata
CATERPILLAR Green to gray-brown with white and brown shading on each segment separated at an oblique angle.
ADULT Wingspan 3.1 centimeters. Forewings gray with black dashes and lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on currants and gooseberries during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Itame colata
CATERPILLAR Mottled silver, gray, and white; darker patch near spiracles.
ADULT Wingspan 2.3 centimeters. Forewings gray; each forewing has a broad brown postmedian band curved and
outlined in black.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on bitterbrush and sagebrush during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from
mid- to late summer. Found in pine forests and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
/ TAME GUENEARiA
CATERPILLAR Light red to orange-pink; lateral yellow patches on A1 and A2.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings pale gray; each forewing has a yellow postmedian band outlined with
brown. Hindwings white to yellow.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on California coffeeberry during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer.
Found in dry open forests and woodlands; distributed in the Pacific western states and the Southwestern states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Itame quadrilinearia
CATERPILLAR Green with dark brown patches sublaterally.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings gray with fine dark lines; each forewing has a bright yellow patch along the
costal margin on the venter (not shown) of the forewing.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on snowbrush during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found
in wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5. Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Lambdina fiscellaria - Oak (Hemlock) Looper
CATERPILLAR Color highly variable, typically white, gray, and light brown; longitudinal lines in different shades of
typical body colors; paired black dorsal spots.
ADUL:I Wingspan 3.7 centimeters. Forewings slightly falcate, gray to yellow-tan, each with narrow black postmedian and
basal lines edged with orange, and a small black discal spot.
ECOLOGY This caterpillar is very common and may cause heavy defoliation of its principal host, white oak; present
from June to September. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in oak woodlands and coniferous forests; widely distributed
in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Melanolophia imitata
CATERPILLAR Green with multiple white lines creating a middorsal longitudinal band; lateral white line extends from
T1 to A10.
ADULT Wingspan 3.7 centimeters. Forewings a dull motded brown with narrow wavy lines and small black marginal
spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpill ars are common; feed on Pinaceae, particularly Douglas-fir, during spring and early summer. Adults
are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in wet and dry coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Nematocampa resistaria - Filament Bearer
CATERPILLAR Mottled caramel, brown, and gray-white. Two very long filaments middorsal on A2 an A3, each forked
creating two smaller filaments with white tips.
ADULT Wingspan 2.5 centimeters. Forewings falcate, pale cream to deep yellow with broad purple-brown borders and
narrow wavy lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on the foliage of flowering trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants such as
maple, alder, snowberry, oak, and mint, during spring and early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer. Found
in open habitats, woodlands, and forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
NeMORIA DARWIN I AT A
CATERPILLAR The lateral flanges on A2 through A5 are characteristic of three common inchworms (see Chlorosea
banksaria', the third species, Sjnchlora aerata , is not illustrated). Coloration in this species varies among light green, yellow, tan,
and brown.
ADULS Wingspan 2.9 centimeters. Wings green with narrow, curved, white basal and median lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as white oak, myrica, ocean spray,
bitterbrush, and snowbrush, during March to September. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in woodlands,
and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
CATERPILLAR This caterpillar is variable in color (shades of off-white, brown, and gray) and pattern. In fact, the lack
of notable features in combination with the presence of mature larvae occurring in early spring serve as the best clue to the
identity of this species.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings mottled cream to dark brown with wavy dark median and basal lines.
ECOLOGY This is the most abundant moth species that is capable of feeding extensively on foliage of numerous species
of conifers and angiosperms in the fall and into the early summer of the following year. Caterpillars are very common;
feed on broadleaf trees, such as big-leaf maple and serviceberry; shrubs, such as myrica and blueberry; as well as many
conifers, such as pines and Douglas-fur. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late summer into fall. Found in woodlands, and wet
and dry forests, particularly common west of the Cascade Mountains; distributed from California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Geometridae
Nepytia umbrosaria
CATERPILLAR Middorsal white band edged with a thin black line; laterally golden brown with a faint white spiracular
line.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings mosdy gray with jagged median and basal lines; each forewing has a small
black discal spot.
ECOLOGY This is one of the most abundant conifer-feeding caterpillars in western forests. Caterpillars are very
common; feed on conifers in spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from mid- to late summer. Found in wet and dry coniferous
forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Operophtera bruceata - Bruce Spanworm
CATERPILLAR Green; prominent subdorsal white bands.
ADULT Females are wingless. The male wingspan is 2.9 centimeters. Forewings solid dark gray to pale cream with fine
dark lines.
ECOLOGY This species was previously known as 0. occidentals and is very similar in appearance to an exotic pest, 0.
brumata, the winter moth. This is one of just a few species of moths exhibiting a limited flight period restricted to
November and December. Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as big-leaf maple, oak, red
alder, bitter cherry, hazel, and willow, from March to June. Adults are nocturnal, males fly in early winter. Found in low
elevation woodlands and wet forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Operophtera danbyi
CATERPILLAR Green with white spots demarking the location of primary setae and three dorsal white longitudinal
lines, lateral line light yellow.
ADULT Females are wingless. The male wingspan is 3.4 centimeters. Forewings elongate and gray with dark lines.
ECOLOGY This is one of just a few species of moths exhibiting a limited flight period restricted to November and
December. Caterpillars are uncommon, generalist feeders on the foliage of flowering trees and shrubs, particularly ash,
cherry, and oak, during the spring. Adults are nocturnal, males fly in early winter. Found in woodlands in the Pacific
Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Perizoma costiguttata
CATERPILLAR Red-brown; immaculate.
ADULT Wingspan 2.5 centimeters. Forewings gray with three black costal bars.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on ocean spray during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to
midsummer. Found in woodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Pero mizon
CATERPILLAR Body color is highly variable, often gray with faint black markings; A2 through A4 swollen ventrally.
Head slightly cleft.
ADULT Wingspan 4.1 centimeters. Forewings pale red-brown with a darker median area, wing edge dentate.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as snowbrush, hazel, Pacific dogwood, and
madrone, from April to August. Adults are nocturnal; fly from mid- to late summer. Found in wet conifer forests of the
Pacific Northwest, especially abundant wrest of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Pero occidentalis
CATERPILLAR Mottled light yellow, tan, and brown; no other distinctive markings.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings dark gray-brown, wing edges dentate; each forewing with a red-black
median band. Males have slightly dentate antennae with minute antennal branches.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on the foliage of Pinaceae and some hardwood shrubs, such as ocean spray,
during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late spring to midsummer. Found in woodlands, and wet and dry forests;
widely distributed in western North America.
>PTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Phigalia plumogeraria
CATERPILLAR Gray-brown; lateral golden yellow patches on A1 through A3 apparent, faint on A4 through A7; a pair
of small dorsal warts on A1 through A3, and A8.
ADULT Females are wingless. Male wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Forewings pale gray; each forewing with four thin black
lines. Hindwings pale gray, each with a small black discal spot. Antennae pectinate.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on oak and serviceberry during spring. Adults are nocturnal, males fly in early
spring. Found in oak woodlands along the Pacific coast from California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Probole amicaria
CATERPILLAR Pale green and brown to red-brown; A5 with a slighdy raised transverse ridge.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings falcate, pale mottled brown with a darker brown submarginal area, the
subapical part of the median line extends to the wing margin in an abrupt, concave curve.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on dogwood and huckleberry during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from
late spring to early summer. Found in wet conifer forests of the Pacific Northwest.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Geometridae
Protitame matilda
CATERPILLAR Yellow-green to light red-brown; no other notable markings.
ADULT Wingspan 2.1 centimeters. Forewings white to pale yellow with a thin, straight basal line and postmedian line.
Hindwings with a curved postmedian line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on willow and poplar during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to
midsummer. Found in woodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Geometridae
Rheumaptera subhastata
CATERPILLAR Black; prolegs and spiracular area pale orange. Head orange.
ADULT Wingspan 3.1 centimeters. Forewings white with black borders and motded black basal and median areas.
ECOLOGY This caterpillar lives in folded leaf tents and is common on mountain alder during August and September.
Adults are diurnal; fly from late spring to midsummer. Found in montane forests; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Omnivorous Looper - Sabulodes aegrotata
CATERPILLAR Dorsum and lateral region of T1 through A9 with longitudinal stripes of black, orange, gray, and white;
mostly light yellow below the spiracular line. Head orange with a pair of black spots near the top of the head capsule.
ADULT Wingspan 4 .4 cendmeters. Forewings slightly falcate, pale yellow to darker brown with converging, dentate
median and postmedian lines.
ECOLOGY This is one of just a few species that may occur ‘on the wing’ any month of the year, a behavior connected
to its distnbudon along relatively mild coastal environments. Caterpillars are common; feed on red elderberry, salmonberry,
red alder, and ocean spray, from May to September. Adults are nocturnal; fly throughout the year. Found in wet coastal
forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Selenia alciphearia
CATERPILLAR Head, thorax and parts of A5 and A6 streaked with white and gray; A1 through A4 golden yellow; A6
through A10 darker brown; A5 and A6 with a pair of dorsal humps.
ADUL1 Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings falcate, mottled pale yellow to brown; each forewing has three narrow,
black lines and an apical orange patch.
ECOLOGY The caterpillar in this photo was reared in the lab from eggs obtained from a female moth tield-collected live
at a blacklight and then placed in a container for a couple of days. Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on the foliage of
maple, alder, and birch. Adults are nocturnal; fly from early spring to midsummer. Found in wet forests; widely distributed
in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Semiothisa burneyata
CATERPILLAR Green mottled with white patches and spots, the dark and light green hues of the caterpillar result in a
remarkable example of cryptic coloration.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings light red-pink-brown; each forewing has two to three nearly straight black
lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on cedars during late spring and early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly from
early to late summer. Found in wet coniferous forests; distributed in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Semiothisa subminiata
CATERPILLAR Green with faint white dorsal longitudinal lines; cream-white lateral line.
ADULT Wingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings pink to red-pink; each forewing has a broad, curved, black postmedian
band and a smaller black basal band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on willow during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer.
Found in riparian habitats of dry forest and woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Sericosema juturnaria
CATERPILLAR Poorly defined patches of alternating light and dark gray-brown; minute warts subdorsally on A2
through A5; yellow spiracles.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings pale tan with a curved black postmedian line and a variable black submarginal
border.
ECOLOGY This species may be the most abundant moth in post-fire regeneration habitats, where snowbrush is the
dominant vegetation. Caterpillars are very common; feed on Ceanothus from Mav to July. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in wroodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
SlCYA CROCEARIA
CATERPILLAR Green with red-brown highlights; middorsum of A3 and A5 with a dual pronged horn the length of
which is equal to the body width; a third shorter horn occurs middorsally on A8.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings slightly falcate, yellow with narrow basal and median lines, pink-red in the
postmedian areas.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on red alder during June and |uly. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer.
Found in wet conifer forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Spargania magnoliata
CATERPILLAR Yellow -green with a lateral diffuse band of rosy red.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings gray with wavy black lines and bands; each forewing has a small black discal
spot. Hindwings pink-gray.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on fireweed during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to late
summer. Found in open habitats associated with wet forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Stamnodes coenonymphata
CATERPILLAR Green with a tint of yellow along a subdorsal longitudinal band.
ADULT Wingspan 3.1 centimeters. Forewings pale yellow with a white postmedian band and gray-black median and
apical patches.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on mountain mahogany during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early
spring. Found in dry oak woodlands; distributed in southern California and southwestern Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Synaxis cervinaria
CATERPILLAR Light green to green-brown to red-orange; dorsally T2 swollen into a transverse ridge; minute middorsal
wart on A4 and A8.
ADULT Wingspan 4.3 centimeters. Forewings strongly falcate, red-brown to gray, with narrow basal and median lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on willow, cascara, bitterbrush, and species of Ceanothus from |une to August.
Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to midsummer. Found in woodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in
western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
SyNAXIS FORMOSA
CATERPILLAR Dorsally gray-brown with thin longitudinal lines; ventrally gray-yellow with patches of gray-brown; a
pair of small dorsal warts on A2 through A5; A8 with a small hump.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings gray with jagged black postmedian and basal lines outlined in white.
Hindwings white with a scalloped gray margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on rabbit brush during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in
dry juniper woodlands and sagebrush rangelands in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Synaxis jubararia
CATERPILLAR Mottled gray to light brown-red; a pair of prominent dorsal warts on Tl, A4, and A5; a pair of very
small warts on A3, A6, and A7.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings strongly falcate, pale yellow to orange, with narrow7 basal and median lines.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as big-leaf maple, ash, red alder,
and snowberry, during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in w7et conifer forests; widely distributed in
western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Thallophaga taylorata
CATERPILLAR One of very few species found on sword fern. This caterpillar is easily identified by its orange, brown,
and tan body with faint white subdorsal longitudinal lines; midabdominal intersegmental areas orange brown.
ADULT Wingspan 3.3 centimeters. Forewings slightly falcate, lighdy speckled brown with a dark brown median band and
postmedian line, or separate small postmedian spots.
ECOLOGY This is the most abundant caterpillar on sword fern. Caterpillars are common; feed on sword fern during
May and june. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in wet conifer forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Geometridae
Triphosa californiata
CATERPILLAR Numerous longitudinal lines and bands of pink-grav, black, yellow, and light brown; the most distinctive
trait is the lateral yellow band edged dorsally by a black line.
ADULT Wingspan 3.3 centimeters. Forewings dark gray with a wavy median band and thin lines. Hindwings white with
gray borders and scalloped margins.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on coffeeberry during late spring and early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly
in early spring. Found in open habitats, woodlands, and wet forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Geometridae
Triphosa haesitata
CATERPILLAR Translucent green; lateral off-white band; dorsal and lateral cream-white lines.
ADULT Wingspan 3.9 centimeters. Forewings variable red-brown with darker and lighter wavy bands. Hindwings with
the margin strongly dentate.
ECOLOGY This is the most abundant caterpillar on cascara. Caterpillars are common; feed on cascara during June and
July. Adults are nocturnal, overwinter, fly from late summer into next spring. Found in woodlands and wet conifer forests;
widely distributed in western North America.
ORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Las I OC AM P I DAE
Western Tent Caterpillar - Malacosoma californicum
CATERPILLAR White dorsal patches bordered in black surrounded by orange; an off-white spiracular line with two blue
patches per segment above it; dense white hairs laterally.
ADULT Wingspan 2.9 centimeters. Forewings of male (see photo) variably red-brown to yellow with two thin lines.
Hindwings of male red-brown. Female wings are more yellow than those of the male, with red-brown shading.
ECOLOGY The extensive blue coloring is unusual in caterpillars and typical of die genus Malacosoma. Caterpillars are very
common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as big-leaf maple, oak, and red alder, during early summer. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in a wide variety of habitats, particularly oak woodlands; widely distributed in western
North America.
acific Northwest
Lepidoptera of the
Chapter 5. Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma constrictum - Pacific Tent Caterpillar
CATERPILLAR Blue and black; dense white hairs laterally.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings of male (see photo) variably yellow with two thin dark lines. Hindwings of
male yellow. Female wings with red-brown shading.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on oak during late spring to early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in oak woodlands from southern California to western Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Lasiocampidae
Forest Tent Caterpillar - Malacosoma disstria
CATERPILLAR Blue and black; silvery-white dorsal patches bordered in black; a yellow orange subdorsal and lateral
longitudinal line also bordered in black; dense white hairs laterally.
ADULT VCingspan 2.8 centimeters. Forewings of male (see photo) variably yellow to red-brown with two thin lines;
female forewings are darker red-browm than those of male. Hindwings of male and female red-brown.
ECOLOGY This species does not construct a tent. Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees such as
madrone, oak, and red alder, during early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in a wide variety of
habitats, particularly oak w’oodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Lasiocampidae
PHYLLODESMA AMERICANA - LAPPET MOTH
CATERPILLAR Silver and gray with black tones; soft, fuzzy, gray hairs; transverse orange yellow line across A1 and A2;
small middorsal raised area on A8.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings red-brown with fine spots and a deeply notched anal margins. Hindwings
small with dentate margins.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as white oak, serviceberry, alders, chinquapin,
and willows, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly between late spring and early summer. Found in woodlands, and wet
and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Las iocam p i dab
Tolype distincta
CATERPILLAR Dark gray and bronze brown; soft, fuzzy, silver white hairs; transverse black line with orange spots
across the intersegmental area between A1 and A2.
ADULT Wingspan 3.3 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with dark gray bands and white veins.
ECOLOGY The caterpillar in this photo was reared during the spring from eggs collected from a female attracted to a
blacklight in October. Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on Pinaceae during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer
and fall. Found in wet and drv coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
ESI
Lymantriidae
Dasychira grisefacta
CATERPILLAR Dense covering of white, gray, and black hairs of varying lengths, including thick tufts of gray hairs on
A1 through A4; a pair of long tufts of black hairs project laterally anterior from A1 and laterally posterior from A8; also a
single tuft of long black hairs projects dorsallv posterior from A8; clusters of short white clubbed hairs occur dorsallv and
laterally; bright red glands middorsal on A6 and A7; a row of single long, black, clubbed hairs point laterally.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings light gray to black with a small white subanal spot in the postmedian area.
ECOLOGY We have reared field-collected larvae that resulted in tire emergence of wingless females. Caterpillars are
uncommon; feed on Pmaceae, particularly Douglas-fir and grand fir, during April and May. Adults are nocturnal; fly from
mid- to late summer. Found in coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
EPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
LyMANTRII DAE
Variable Tussock Moth - Dasychira vagans
CATERPILLAR Dense covering of white, gray, and black hairs of varying lengths, including thick tufts of gray hairs on
A1 through A4; a pair of long tufts of black hairs project laterally anterior from A1 and laterally posterior from A8; also a
single tuft of long black hairs projects dorsally posterior from A8; clusters of short white clubbed hairs occur dorsally and
laterally; red middorsal glands on A6 and A7; a row of paired long, black, clubbed hairs point laterally.
ADULT Wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Forewings gray with pale mottling, no white subanal spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common on many species of broadleaf trees, particularly white oak, during May and ]une.
Adults are nocturnal; fly from early to late summer. Found in oak woodlands and low elevation forests; widely distributed
in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
LVM ANTRI I DAE
Leucoma salicis - Satin Moth
CATERPILLAR Creamy yellow highlighted with black; midline of dorsum with irregular yellow circles; subdorsally a
broken stripe of yellow bordered in black; laterally and ventrally light creamy color speckled with irregular black markings;
base of hair tufts red-orange; dorsal hairs red-orange; lateral and ventral hairs mostly white.
ADULT Wingspan 5.2 centimeters. Wings with a silk white, satin sheen, and light yellow costal and basal areas. Leg hairs
colored in black and white rings.
ECOLOGY This is an accidentally introduced species and on occasion is considered a pest on quaking aspen in Oregon’s
central Cascade Mountains. Caterpillars are common on willow and quaking aspen during late spring. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in midsummer. Found in urban areas, riparian habitats, and montane forests; widely distributed in North America.
LePIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Lymantriidae
Gypsy Moth - Lymantria dispar
CATERPILLAR Long tan hairs rise from subdorsal tufts; T1 through A2 with a pair of dorsal blue warts; A3 through A7
with a pair of dorsal red warts. Head with two wide, black, oblique lines and mottled with black spots.
ADULT Male (see photo): Wings brown with prominent zigzag black lines on the forewings; each forewing has a single
discal spot. Female: Wings white with prominent zigzag black lines on the forewings; each forewing has a single discal spot.
ECOLOGY Introduced from Europe, the gypsy moth is now widely distributed in North America. This species is a
notorious pest, which is why wre have illustrated it here. Although it is not established in the Pacific Northwest , it is a chronic
pest problem in the region. Caterpillars feed on numerous broadleaf trees, particularly oaks, as well as some conifers,
including Douglas-fir and Colorado blue spruce, likely to occur during May and June. Adults are diurnal; females possess
wings but are flighdess, males fly in midsummer. Historically, the gypsy moth in the Pacific Northwest has been found in
metropolitan and rural areas, including orchards and surrounding lowr elevation oak wroodlands and conifer forests.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Lymantriidae
OrGYIA ANTIQUA - RUSTY TUSSOCK MOTH
CATERPILLAR Densely covered with light yellow hairs originating from a pale red base; middorsal tufts of off-white
hairs on A1 through A4; tufts of long black hairs project forward and laterally from Al; a single tuft of long black hairs
projects dorsally and posterior from A8; pale red middorsal glands on A6 and A8.
ADULT Females are wingless; the male wingspan is 3.0 centimeters. Forewings red-brown with a large white subanal spot
in the postmedian area. Hindwings red-orange to orange-brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as willow, white oak, and black
cottonwood, during June and July. Adults are nocturnal, males fly from late summer to tall. Found in low elevation
woodlands and forests; widely distributed in North America.
Lep!doptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Lymantriidae
Douglas-fir Tussock Moth - Orgyia pseudotsugata
CATERPILLAR Densely covered with white hairs that originate from a red base; middorsal tufts of golden-tipped white
hairs on A1 through A4 and A8; tufts of long black hairs project laterally and anterior from Al; a single tuft of long black
hairs project dorsally and posterior from A8; bright red middorsal glands on A6 and A7.
ADULT Females are wingless. The male wingspan is 3.3 centimeters. Forewings gray to black with a small subanal spot.
Hindwings dark red-brown.
ECOLOGY This species is known as the Douglas-fir tussock moth and is considered a forest pest causing severe
defoliation of certain conifer species. Caterpillars are very common; feed on Pinaceae during late spring. Adults are diurnal,
males fly from late summer to fall. Found in coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Abagrotis duanca
CATERPILLAR Gray, brown, and black with subdorsal patches of orange; white scalloped spiracular band (mosdy on
A4 through A6) with brown markings within the band.
ADULT Wingspan 2.4 centimeters. Forewings dark gray-black with a pale gray postmedian border, and small reniform
and orbicular spots that are obscure or outlined in white.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on big sagebrush during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from mid- to late
summer. Found in dry juniper woodlands and sagebrush rangelands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
AbAGROTIS GLENN I
CATERPILLAR Variable shades of green to pink-brown, later instars mostly pink-brown; white dashed line below black
shading along dorsum of T1 through A10 and laterally on T1 through T3.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 cendmeters. Forewings pale gray-brown with a large white reniform spot and black basal and
discal streaks.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on western juniper during early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late
summer. Found in juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5. Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Achytonix epipaschia
CATERPILLAR Green, middorsal, subdorsal, and subspiracular white longitudinal bands extend from T1 through A10.
Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings dark gray to black with gray to red-brown discal spots and the reniform
spot at the end of the discal cell slightly curved.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on various conifers, including Douglas-fir, during early summer. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in late summer. Found in moist conifer forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Acronicta cyanescens
CATERPILLAR Extremely long and dense white hairs obscure the green body.
ADULT Wingspan 4.7 centimeters. Forewings gray with black basal and subanal streaks.
ECOLOGY Only one individual caterpillar of this species has been field-collected during the fifteen years of our projects.
Caterpillars are rare; feed on snowbrush during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in dry forests
of western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Acronicta funeralis
CATERPILLAR Early instars brown with white markings; fourth instar black with middorsal light yellow markings
triangular to elliptical with transverse black streaks in the center and black sparse long hairs with flattened tips.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with an irregular black band across the inner wing margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on broadleaf plants, such as blueberry, hazel, and white oak, during early
summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late spring to early summer. Found in low elevation forests west of die Cascade
Mountains; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Gray Dagger Moth - Acronicta grisea
CATERPILLAR Green, dorsal brown patch wider on T1 and A4 through A8; outside edge of dorsal brown patches
counter-shaded with yellow. Head brown with two conical points.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings dark gray with black basal and anal margin dashes, postmedian band with
a sharply dentate margin. Hindwings wThite.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on red alder during late summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer.
Found in moist forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Acronicta hesperida
CATERPILLAR Covered with tufts of dense orange hairs on dorsum and white hairs laterally; anterior and posterior a
few longer white and black “wild” hairs stick out beyond the tufts of shorter hairs.
ADULT Wingspan 5.3 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with reniform and orbicular discal spots strongly outlined.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on red alder and mountain alder during late summer. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in midsummer. Found in moist forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Yellow-haired Dagger Moth - Acronicta impleta
CATERPILLAR Two prominent tufts of hairs on thorax, partially encircled with white hair tufts; two gray hair pencils on
dorsum of A8.
ADULT Wingspan 4.8 centimeters. Forewings dark black-gray with the postmedian band outlined as small white spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on red alder during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early summer.
Found in coastal rainforests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Acronicta impressa - Impressed Dagger Moth
CATERPILLAR The brown-black color of the body provides a strong contrast to the clusters of white hairs that
originate from reddish orange spots.
ADULT Wingspan 3.8 centimeters. Forewings dark, motded with gray, discal spots outlined and filled with darker gray.
Hindwings gray.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on wild roses and bitterbrush during midsummer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
early summer. Found in many forest habitats; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Acronicta m armor at a
CATERPILLAR Yellow and brown; dark brown middorsal line. Head dark brown.
ADULT Wingspan 4.3 centimeters. Forewings mottled black, gray, and white with black basal and subanal dashes.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on oak during midsummer. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to
early summer. Found in oak woodlands; widely distributed in Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Acronicta perdita
CATERPILLAR Abroad white spiracular band constricts at each spiracle from T1 through A8; clusters of off-white and
black hairs originate from pale orange-yellow spots on a brown-black body.
ADULT Wingspan 4.4 centimeters. Forewings gray and heavily suffused with black. Hindwings white in male (shown
here) and gray in female.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on bitterbrush during midsummer. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late spring
to early summer. Found in dry forests including oak and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Alypia langtoni
CATERPILLAR Yellow-orange with irregular black markings on a white body; relatively long primary setae; dorsum of
A9 with a brighter yellow streak. Head yellow with black spots.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings black; each forewing has two round, cream-yellow spots. Hindwings also
with one or two round cream-yellow spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on fireweed during midsummer. Adults are diurnal; fly from late spring to
midsummer. Found in open habitats associated with montane forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Amphipyra pyramidoides - Copper Underwing
CATERPILLAR Light green with sparse white spots; black spiracles; white spiracular line with shades of yellow; A8 with
large dorsal hump.
ADULT Wingspan 5.1 centimeters. Forewings light brown to black-brown with a pale submarginal border and the discal
spots greatly reduced. Hindwings orange to red-copper.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, particularly big-leaf maple and manzanita,
during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late summer to fall. Found in wet coniter forests in western regions of
California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Andropolia aedon
CATERPILLAR Light brown and a shade of light green, with a black scalloped sublateral line; A8 with a transverse black
line; venter light gray.
ADULT Wingspan 4.6 centimeters. Forewings gray with distinct discal spots outlined in black, including a jagged, dentate
black submarginal line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on alder, maple, ocean spray, and ninebark during spring. Adults are nocturnal;
fly from mid- to late summer. Found in wet conifer forests in the Pacific West.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Andropolia diversilineata
CATERPILLAR Gray -brown with a black scalloped sublateral line; dioracic and abdominal segments with a subdorsal
black patch; A8 with a transverse black line; venter gray-brown.
ADULT Wingspan 4.4 centimeters. Forewings gray with very obscure markings except for a jagged, dentate black
submarginal line. Males have pectinate antennae.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on bitterbrush during early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer.
Found in pine forests and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Andropolia theodori
CATERPILLAR Dark brown with a black scalloped sublateral line; A8 with a transverse black line; venter pink-white.
ADULT Wingspan 5.2 centimeters. Forewings gray with shades of red and a black, sharply dentate submarginal line.
Hindwings faint red-tan; each hindwing has a dark medial line and discal spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on snowbrush and ocean spray during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from
mid- to late summer. Found in dry forests and woodlands in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
CATERPILLAR Dark green dorsum and light green venter with off-white speckles; white spiracular band, dorsal edge
with a red line; faint discontinuous off-white subdorsal line. Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings dark brown; each forewing has a round yellow mark on the outer margin
of the reniform spot.
ECOLOGY This species possesses the broadest foodplant range among the Pacific Northwest Lepidoptera. Caterpillars
are very common, generalist feeders on numerous flowering trees and shrubs, such as maple, alder, madrone, hazelnut,
Indian plum, ocean spray, currant, willow, and snowberry, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in
moist forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Aseptis ethnic a
CATERPILLAR Body and head motded in shades of green; a yellow-white spiracular band extends from A7 to anal
prolegs. Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.9 centimeters. Forewings dark brown to black with the only noticeable markings the white flecks
along the postmedian line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on manzamta and madrone during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in dry forests and woodlands in western Oregon and California.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
194
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Nootuidae
Aseptis FUMOSA
CATERPILLAR Dark green dorsum and light green venter; white spiracular line, dorsal edge with a red line; faint
discontinuous yellow longitudinal line and oblique subdorsal lines. Head green.
ADULT Wings pan 3.8 centimeters. Forewings brown with the reniform and orbicular spots distinctly outlined in dark
brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on bitterbrush and species of Ceanothus during spring. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in midsummer. Found in dry forests in the Pacific Northwest.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
NoCTUI DAE
Alfalfa Semilooper - Autographa californica
CATERPILLAR Two pair of midabdominal prolegs, a trait indicative of the Plusiinae. Green; distinct white spiracular
line and faint discontinuous longitudinal dorsal white lines.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings mottled gray with a large white comma-shaped stigma. Hindwings yellow
with a broad black submarginal border.
ECOLOGY This species is an economic pest in vegetable crops and also occurs on native plants in forests and woodlands.
Caterpillars are common; feed on numerous herbaceous plants from early spring to midsummer. Adults are nocturnal; fly
from spring to fall. Found in agricultural and urban areas, and open habitats associated with lowland and montane forests;
widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Nootuidae
Catocala aholibah - Aholibah Underwing
CATERPILLAR Gray tan with a subtle rosy pink hue and covered with minute black speckles; small tubercles middorsum
on A5 and A8; ventral row of short whisker-like hairs; true legs pink-red. Head is cream colored with reticulated lines.
ADULT Wingspan 7.9 centimeters. Forewings mottled black, gray, and red-brown with jagged black lines. Hindwings
rosy red with a black median band narrowly constricted in the center and broad black submarginal borders.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on white oak during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer. Found
in oak woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Catocala briseis
CATERPILLAR Gray and tan with finely reticulated markings; A5 and A8 with small warts tipped in orange; subdorsal
orange spots in a line; intersegmental area between A5 and A6 with an orange and black patch; ventral rowT of short
whisker-like hairs. Top of head with two orange spots; a black arc extends from the base of the mandibles over the top of
the head.
ADULT Wingspan 6.8 centimeters. Forewings gray-black, often with white markings, and a jagged postmedial line.
Hindwings red with black submarginal borders and black median bands that are not narrowly constricted.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on willow during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer.
Found in wret forest and riparian habitats; widely distributed in northern North America, southernmost portion of its
distribution extending into the northern Rock}- Mountains and the Pacific Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Catocala ilia - Ilia Underwing
CATERPILLAR Mottled with green and black.
ADULT Wingspan 7.9 centimeters. Forewings motded black and gray with jagged black lines. Flindwings orange, the
black median band and submarginal border with wavy undulations.
ECOLOGY Cryptic coloration and pattern match the lichens on oak branches. Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on white
oak during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer. Found in oak woodlands ranging from California to the
Pacific Northwest.
Lepidqptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Catocala verrilliana
CATERPILLAR Uniformly gray white with a pale pink hue; middorsum of A5 and A8 with tubercles; ventral row of
short whisker-like hairs. Head same color as body but with reticulated lines.
ADULT Wingspan 4.6 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with jagged black lines. Hindwings orange-red with the black
median band constricted in the center and a broad black submarginal border with red marginal patches.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on oak during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer. Found in oak
woodlands in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
ClSSUSA INDISCRETA
CATERPILLAR Mottled with silver, gray, and black; subdorsal and lateral longitudinal lines scalloped and nearly entire.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings light to dark brown with fine wavy lines and a black discal bar.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on oak during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in dry
oak woodlands from southern California to western Oregon and Washington.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
CoSMIA CALAMI
CATERPILLAR Green with extensive faint white markings; single viiite middorsal stripe. Head pale green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.2 centimeters. Forewings pale yellow to light brown with small discal spots, basal line strongly
transverse and nearly touching the postmedian line along the inner margin. Hindwings white.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on oak during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer.
Found in oak wroodlands in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
CUCULLIA PULLA
CATERPILLAR Green with six prominent longitudinal white lines; the lateral line with a yellow dot just below and
posterior to the spiracle.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings elongate and sharply pointed, black with fine gray streaks and jagged lines.
Hindwings black.
ECOLOGY This species was previously placed in the genus Pathosea. Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on rabbitbrush
during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in dry juniper woodlands and sagebrush rangelands;
widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Eg IRA CRUCIAL! S
CATERPILLAR Color highly variable, mottled silver, gray, and black to bi-colored with rosy pink-red; dorsum darker
than venter separated at the lateral line. Head red.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings gray with a small orbicular spot and a broken line of black postmedian
dashes.
ECOLOGY Caterpilla rs are common; feed on numerous trees and shrubs, including alder, snowbrush, bitterbrush, and
oak, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in spring. Found in moist forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species. Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Eg IRA CURIALIS
CATERPILLAR Mottled with silver, gray, and black; lateral longitudinal band white with motded markings between faint
black borders. Head mottled tan, brown, and black.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings dark gray with obscure markings. Hindwings mostly white.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on bitter cherry and hackberry during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
spring. Found in dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & M oths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
EG IRA FEBRUALIS
CATERPILLAR White with blue-gray shading; subdorsal yellow streaks; black spots; black spiracles. Head mottled tan
and black with a dorsal black triangular patch.
ADULi! Wingspan 3.7 centimeters. Forewings mottled black and white. Hindwings pale cream.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on oak during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found
in dry forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Eg IRA PERLUBENS
CATERPILLAR Color highly variable, mottled silver, gray, and black to bi-colored with rosy tan-brown; dorsum faintly
darker than venter. Head motded tan and black.
ADUL1 Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings dark gray-black with a red subapical patch and a white or pale gray
orbicular spot. Hindwings white.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such manzanita, snowbrush, bitterbrush and ocean
spray, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in spring. Found in dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Feralia deceptiva
CATERPILLAR Green with subdorsal and lateral white longitudinal lines; the lateral line broken with dashes of red along
the upper border; white dashes sublaterally on T1 through A8. Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings dark green with black and white markings. Hindwings solid black.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on Douglas-fir during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring.
Found in wet coastal forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Feralia februalis
CATERPILLAR Light green with sparse white spots; tan spiracles; white spiracular line with red dorsal edge which is
more obvious on Tl; A8 with large dorsal hump; true legs red.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings pale green with large discal spots. Hindwings white.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on white oak, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late winter to
early spring. Found in dry forests and oak woodlands in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
FlSHIA EVELINA
CATERPILLAR Green to rosy brown; dorsum dark green with a faint white subdorsal longitudinal line; a thin off-white
spiracular line; venter light green.
ADULT Wingspan 4.3 centimeters. Forewings elongate, dark gray; each forewing has a red median patch and the submarginal
line strongly dentate. Hindwings mostly white in males, gray in females.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as manzanita, snowbrush, cherry,
bitterbrush, and elderberry, during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in dry forests; widely distributed in
western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
HYPENA CALIFORNIA
CATERPILLAR Dark green with longitudinal subdorsal white line.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings narrow and highly variable in color, mottled yellow and brown or solid
red-brown with small black discal spots. Labial palps long.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on nettles during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from early spring to fall.
Found in wet forests from California to British Columbia.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Lacanobia lilacina
CATERPILLAR Yellow-green with a prominent subdorsal yellow longitudinal line; gray-green lateral longitudinal line;
venter yellow. Head mosdy yellow with two gray-green lines.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings pale violet-brown with obscure markings or with black spots and pale
streaks.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on red alder during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found
in riparian habitats and wet forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Lithomoia germana
CATERPILLAR Dark brown; white lateral band. Head tan with two black oblique bands.
ADULT Wingspan 5.0 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with gray streaks; each forewing has a large white reniform spot.
Hindwings light to dark gray.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on blueberries during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in wet
forests and bogs across the northern regions of North America, extending south into the northern Rocky Mountains and
the Pacific Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
LlTHOPHANE AMANDA
CATERPILLAR Light green with a frosty white hue; lateral line off-white; faint dorsal and subdorsal white line. Head
with white spots.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings pale gray; each forewing has an orange subapical patch and red-brown
submarginal spots. Hindwings pale brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on willow during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall and early spring.
Found in wet forests and bogs across the northern regions of North America, extending south into the northern Rocky
Mountains and the Pacific Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Lithophane atara
CATERPILLAR Green with a velvet appearance; sublateral yellow longitudinal band. Head green.
ADULl Wingspan 4.6 centimeters. Forewings dark gray-black with well defined streaks. Hindwings pink with a dark
submarginal band and discal spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on conifers, such as ponderosa pine, during late spring. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in fall and early spring. Found in coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Lithophane contenta
CATERPILLAR Dark green with white mottled spots; spiracular band white to yellow, with an uneven bottom edge, and
pink patches around the spiracles in later instars. Head green; labrum and area around stemmata white.
ADULT Wingspan 4.1 centimeters. Forewings gray with obscure discal spots. Hindwings pale gray.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on oak during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall and early spring. Found
in oak woodlands in Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Lithophane georgii
CATERPILLAR Green; lateral line white to yellow with parallel edges.
ADUL1 Wingspan 4.8 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with a submarginal line of small black spots. Hindwings dark
gray.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, such as spiraea, hawthorn, maple, oak,
red alder and ocean spray, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall and early spring. Found in a wide variety of
habitats; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Lithophane innominata
CATERPILLAR Mottled yellow, gray, and light green. Head tan with two darker gray-green patches dorsally.
ADULT Wingspan 3.8 centimeters. Forewings yellow to light brown with black medial and submarginal spots. Hindwings
black.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as red alder, hawthorn, ocean spray, and
willow, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall and early spring. Found in woodlands and wet forests; widely
distributed in North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Lithophane longior
CATERPILLAR Irregularly shaped white spots forming a discontinuous dorsal and subdorsal band; laterally white spots
behind the spiracles with patches of light green above; white circles at the base of each true leg and midabdominal prolegs.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with obscure markings and a dark median band. Hindwings light
to dark gray.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on western juniper during late spring and early summer. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in fall and early spring. Found in juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Lithophane thaxteri
i
mu
SR
CATERPILLAR Green with a thin subdorsal yellow longitudinal line; yellow speckles. Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings gray with black basal and medial dashes and a jagged black submarginal
line. Hindwings dark pink-gray.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on spiraea during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall and early spring.
Found in wet forests and bogs across northern regions of North America, extending south into the northern Rocky
Mountains and the Pacific Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies & Moths
Noctuidae
Litocala sexsignata
CATERPILLAR Brown with subdorsal scalloped dashes; a fluffy fringe of hairs along the sublateral area.
ADULT Wingspan 3.3 centimeters. Forewings gray-black with white medial and subapical spots. Hindwings black; each
hindwing has three white spots, thereby providing the basis for the specific epithet “sexsignata,” meaning six-spotted.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on oak and chinquapin during spring. Adults are diurnal; fly in spring. Found
in oak woodlands from the Southwestern states to Washington.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Mesogona rubra
CATERPILLAR Mottled gray, silver, black, and pink to dark brown; a distinct dark brown prothoracic shield. Head
brown.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings red, pink-gray, or pale pink, with obscure discal spots. Hindwings red.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on manzanita during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in dry
forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
NOLA MINNA
CATERPILLAR Mottled pink-white, gray, and green-brown; clusters of hairs originate from raised areas.
ADULT Wingspan 2.3 centimeters. Forewings elongate, pale gray; each forewing has a black basal spot and a narrow black
postbasal line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on Ceanothus during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found
in wet forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Oligia ILLOCATA
CATERPILLAR Orange -tan to green-gray with dorsum darker than the venter; lateral line off-white.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings mottled red-brown; each forewing has a large white reniform spot and a
black medial bar.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on red alder, rhododendron, and red blueberry during spring. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in late summer and fall. Found in wet forests across northern regions of North America, extending south into
the northern Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Oncocnemis chalybdis
CATERPILLAR Golden brown with faint off-white wavy longitudinal lines; middorsum of T1 with white streak bordered
by dark brown; A8 and A9 swollen dorsally.
ADUL1 Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings pale gray; each forewing has a black median band and irregular black
submarginal band. Hindwings white with broad black submarginal borders.
ECOLOGY We previously believed this species to be the closely related species Oncocnemis pijfardi of northeastern North
America. The abdomen for the moth shown here is missing because it was used for dissecdon of genitalia to provide
confirmation of the species identity. Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on spiraea during late spring. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in late summer. Found in moist montane forests and bogs of the Pacific Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
ONCOCNEMIS NEAR COLUMBIA
CATERPILLAR Gray to light brown; longitudinal lines discontinuous and with irregular edges; dorsum of A8 swollen.
ADULT Wingspan 3.8 centimeters. Forewings light to dark gray with small discal spots and thin black basal and postmedial
lines. Hindwings white with gray submarginal borders.
ECOLOGY We previously believed this specimen to be Oncocnemis Columbia but Jim Troubridge suggests it is an un¬
described species. Caterpillars are common; feed on ocean spray during late spring and early summer. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in late summer. Found in dry forests ranging from northern California to Washington.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
OnCOCNEMIS DUNBAR I
CATERPILLAR Light green with faint discontinuous white markings along longitudinal lines; intersegmental area pale
yellow. Top of head with lateral red dash.
ADULT Wingspan 3.4 centimeters. Forewings motded gray with large round discal spots. Hindwings white with gray
submarginal borders.
ECOLOGY Moths of this species are not attracted to UV blacklight. Caterpillars are common; feed on ocean spray
during late spring and early summer. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer and fall. Found in wet coastal forests west of
the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Speckled Green Fruitworm - Orthosia hibisci
CATERPILLAR Light green with small white spots; white dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular longitudinal lines. Head green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.8 centimeters. Forewings with a varying mix of colors of pale lavender, purple-gray, and dark red-
brown with large round discal spots. Hindwings gray.
ECOLOGY This species is an occasional pest in orchards. Caterpillars are very common; feed on many broadleaf trees
and shrubs, such as maple, cherry, oak, and willow. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in orchards, woodlands,
and forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Orthosia MYS
CATERPILLAR Brick red with dark brown shading; faint transition demarcation between a darker dorsum and a lighter
venter on A7 through A 10. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings falcate, pale to dark red with few markings. Hindwings pink-white. Males
with pectinate antennae.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on manzanita during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in dry
forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
N OOTU I DAE
Orthos 1 a pacifica
CATERPILLAR Green with many small white spots; broad transverse white streak on A8; white spiracular line thicker at
posterior; small black spots mark the primary setae.
ADULT Wingspan 3.9 centimeters. Forewings mottled yellow-brown with a narrow dark reniform spot. Hindwings pale
brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on white oak, madrone, and snowbrush during late spring. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in early spring. Found in dr}- forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Orthosia pulchella
CATERPILLAR Mottled cream, pink, and tan, otherwise nearly immaculate; black prothoracic shield. Head dark red-
brown.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings falcate and highly variable in color and pattern, gray, red, or brown, often
with a black median band. Hindwings dark gray. Male antennae are strongly pectinate.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on manzanita during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early spring.
Found in dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Orthosia transparens
CATERPILLAR Golden-yellow and green-brown, middorsum lighter than subdorsum. Head orange-brown.
ADULT Wingspan 3.7 centimeters. Forewings falcate, light red to dark red-brown with a black reniform spot. Hindwings
dark gray to black. Males with filiform antennae.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on madrone and rhododendron during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
early spring. Found in dry forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Panthea portlandia
CATERPILLAR Black with red spots and light brown hairs. Head black.
ADULT Wingspan 5.0 centimeters. Forewings white to dark black-gray with jagged, dentate black lines. Hindwings white
with a dark submarginal band or pure gray. Males with pectinate antennae.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on conifers, such as Douglas-fir, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
summer. Found in coniferous forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Perigonica angulata
CATERPILLAR Body color may be a mixture of shades from green to yellow; faint off-white to yellow longitudinal
lines, barely apparent at the subdorsal and lateral position; a few small black spots mark the primary setae.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings strongly falcate, pale yellow to red with faint markings. Hindwings
white. Males with filiform antennae.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on live oak, tan oak, and chinquapin during late spring. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in spring. Found in dry forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Perigonica pectin ata
CATERPILLAR Green with faint white longitudinal lines and black pinaculae.
ADUL1 Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings slightly falcate, variable pale yellow, pink, orange or gray, often with a black
reniform spot. Hindwings black. Males with pectinate antennae.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on chinquapin and canyon live oak during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly
in early spring. Found in dry forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepsdqptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Phlogophora periculosa
CATERPILLAR Color varies from a bright green to tan-brown; middorsal dashed white line with subdorsal white spots.
ADULT Wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Forewings pale pink-orange with a darker red-browm median band and the discal
spots joined together.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on swTord fern and many broadleaf trees shrubs, such as red alder, and
willow, during early spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in wet coastal forests.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Platypoua CONTADINA
CATERPILLAR Green with a subtle tone of yellow and motded with white; subdorsal longitudinal line dotted white
and faint; lateral longitudinal line white. Head pale green.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings black with large discal spots and other markings strongly outlined in white;
submarginal line strongly dentate. Hindwings black; populations in wet coastal forests have a white postmedian band, but
populations from the high Cascade Mountains east to the Rocky Mountains have a black postmedian band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on the foliage of flowering trees and shrubs, particularly huckleberry,
during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in wet conifer forests; widely distributed in western North America.
.EP1DOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Pleromelloida cinerea
CATERPILLAR Dark brown with parallel wavy white and brown lines laterally on A2 through A6; dorsum with
middorsal white line most distinct on A7 and A8; A7 and A8 swollen.
ADULT Wingspan 3.3 centimeters. Forewings with pale gray streaks and a thin black postmedian line and submarginal
spots.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on snowberrv during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in fall. Found in
woodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
PSEUDORTHODES IRRORATA
CATERPILLAR Light brown and tan coloration slightly darker above the spiracles; dorsum of A1 through A8 with
white streaks. Colors are variable during development and among individuals. Therefore, noctuids with this appearance
should be reared for reliable identification of the species.
ADULT Wingspan 3.0 centimeters. Forewings red-brown; each forewing has a small white or gray reniform spot and a
thin black submarginal line. Hindwings black.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; leed on hazel and red alder during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to
late summer. Found in wet forests in Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Herald Moth - Scoliopteryx libatrix
CATERPILLAR Green with white lateral line.
ADULT Wingspan 4.7 centimeters. Forewings strongly falcate, scalloped, gray to pale brown with a red-orange median
band and white postmedian line.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on willow and black cottonwood during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly
throughout the year, hibernating in winter. Found in woodlands, riparian habitats, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed
in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Stretch i a muricina
CATERPILLAR Green with a dorsal and subdorsal longitudinal white line. Head yellow-green.
ADULT Wingspan 3.2 centimeters. Forewings with the orbicular and reniform spots fused together to form a large, white
v-shaped spot, the median area dark gray to red with the discal spots outlined in black, the postmedian and submarginal
area white to pale gray. Males with pectinate antennae.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on currant and gooseberry during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in early
spring. Found in wet conifer forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Synedoida ochracea
CATERPILLAR Longitudinal bands of various shades of yellow and tan bordered in darker shaded lines, especially the
subdorsal band. Head with six distinct bands.
ADULT Wingspan 4.6 centimeters. Forewings light to dark brown with a narrow black reniform spot. Hindwings
orange; each hindwing has a black median band, submarginal border, and discal spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on blue and red elderberry during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in wet forests west of the Cascade Mountains and in riparian woodlands and forests east of the
Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Syngrapha rectangula
CATERPILLAR Green with five white distinct longitudinal white bands; midabdominal prolegs only on A5 and A6.
Head green.
ADULl Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings black; each forewing has contrasting white basal and submarginal areas and
a large white, bifurcate stigma. Hindwings pale brown with broad black submarginal borders.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on conifers, primarily Pinaceae such as Douglas-fir, during spring. Adults are
nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in wet conifer forests of the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains, and is
common in wet coastal forests.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Tesagrotis corrodera
CATERPILLAR Light brown and green-brown with a darker green-brown scalloped lateral line edged in white below;
dorsum with oblique dark green-brown bands edged in white behind. Head tan.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings with red-brown streaks with a yellow streak at the reniform spot. Hindwings
white with gray margin.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on bitterbrush during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer.
Found in open pine forests, juniper woodlands, and sagebrush rangelands; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Xestia mustelina
CATERPILLAR Brown; broad white lateral band.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings pink-gray with very large gray discal spots outlined in black.
ECOLOGY Previously known as Anomogyna mustelina. Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees and
conifers, such as Douglas-fir, madrone, huckleberry, and myrica, during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late summer.
Found in wet conifer forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
XyLENA BRUCE I
CATERPILLAR Brown with lateral white line edged in black above; dorsum mottled with white streaks and a faint
subdorsal longitudinal white line; venter light brown to brown-green. Head tan with two oblique black lines.
ADULT Wingspan 5.2 centimeters. Forewings pale gray with discal spots and wing margins outlined in black. Hmdwmgs
dark brown.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on bitterbrush during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from fall, through
the winter, and into the spring. Found in open pine forests and juniper woodlands; widely distributed in western North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
Zale lunata - Lunata Moth
CATERPILLAR Gray with shades of brown to solid tan; A1 and A8 swollen dorsally with two minutely pointed tips;
middorsally a light longitudinal band bordered by a darker band.
ADULT Wingspan 4.8 centimeters. Forewings may have a varying mix of yellow, red-brown and black mottled with tine
dark lines, apical part of the postmedian line is strongly dentate.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on blackberry and willow during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in spring
and late summer. Found in wet coastal forests west of the Cascade Mountains and in riparian environments east of the
Cascade Mountains.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Noctuidae
Zale termina
CATERPILLAR Light gray with dark gray longitudinal lines; subdorsal line nearly black and scalloped; prolegs on A3
smaller than on A6.
ADULT Wingspan 3.7 centimeters. Forewings dark gray with fine lines and black basal and postmedian bands. Hindwings
dark gray with fine black lines and scalloped margins.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on live oak and chinquapin during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly from early
to midsummer. Found in dry forests and oak woodlands of the southwest and Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Noctuidae
ZOTHECA TRANQUILLA
CATERPILLAR Middorsal line of yellow circles bordered in black; subdorsal pale purple band; lateral-ventral area solid
yellow with black spots.
ADULT Wingspan 3.6 centimeters. Forewings white with green highlights and a (very) few tan tones (more on the thorax),
with a background of off-white with faint, light green tones. Hindwings are whiter than the forewings.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on blue and red elderberry during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in
midsummer. Found in wet coastal forests west of the Cascade Mountains and in riparian habitats associated with coniferous
forests east of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Notodontidae
Furcula cinerea
CATERPILLAR Yellow -green; dorsum with brown saddles edged in red on Tl, A4, A5, A8, and A9; elongate anal
prolegs create the appearance of a forked tail and ringed with brown, green and red.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings pale to dark gray with dark gray or black bands and line black spots along
the margins.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on willow during July and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to
midsummer. Found in wet forests and riparian habitats; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
N OTODONTI DAE
Furcula scolopendrina
CATERPILLAR Yellow; dorsum with brown black saddles on T1 through T3, A2 through A7, and A8 through A10;
elongate anal prolegs create the appearance of a forked tail.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings elongate and white with black bands and fine black spots along the wing
margins.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on willow and poplar during spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly throughout
the summer. Found in wet forests; widely distributed in North America.
.EPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Notodontidae
Green Oak Caterpillar - Nadata gibbosa
CATERPILLAR Late instar: green with yellow spots; red spiracles; transverse yellow streak across A9; pale yellow
middorsal longitudinal line.
ADULT Wingspan 5.6 centimeters. Forewings yellow with brown-tan shading; each forewing has an orange discal cell; the
reniform spot consists of two small white dots, and narrow dark basal and postmedian lines.
ECOLOGY This is one of many caterpillars that exhibit more than one color phase, either by stage of development,
genetic polymorphism, or other environmental factors. Color phases differ according to age. Caterpillars common on
white oak during July and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer. Found in oak woodlands; widely distributed in
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
N OTODONTI DAB
SCHIZURA CONCINNA - REDHUMPED CATERPILLAR
CATERPILLAR Yellow with multiple white bands separated by black stripes along the subdorsal region; white streaks
bordered in black at the base of the midabdominal prolegs; middorsum of T3 red. Head red.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings pale yellow with shades of lavender and few markings except for a dark
purple band across the inner margin. Hindwings white in males (see photo) and brown in females.
ECOLOGY Early instars are gregarious and solid yellow with black spines. When agitated the odor of glacial acetic acid
is emitted from the larvae. Caterpillars are common on many broadleaf trees and shrubs, particularly snowbrush and white
oak, during July and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in midsummer; moths are not as commonly collected relative to the
common presence of caterpillars. Found in oak woodlands and forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths Chapter 5
Notodontidae
False Unicorn Caterpillar - Schizura ipomoeae
CATERPILLAR Head, Tl, and A1 through A10 tan or light brown with red veined markings; T2 and T3 a distinctive
green with a reddish middorsal line; Al, A5, and A8 with dorsal humps tipped with a pair of small wart-like tubercles; A1
through A4, and A6 with middorsal white patch; A7 with an oblique middorsal white band; small spots of yellow at the
base of dorsal setae on A2 through A4, A6, and A8; primary setae long. Head tan with two oblique bands.
ADULT Wingspan 4.5 centimeters. Forewings a mottled brown and pale gray; each forewing has a small pale reniform
spot, narrow dentate basal and postmedian lines, and black marginal dashes. Hindwings white in males (see photo) and
brown in females.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common on white oak, madrone, dogwood, and hawthorn from July to September. Adults
are nocturnal; fly from late spring to late summer. Found in woodlands, and wTet and dry forests; widely distributed in
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Notodontidae
SCHIZURA UNICORNIS - UNICORN CATERPILLAR
CATERPILLAR Head, Tl, and A1 through A10 dark to gray black; T2 and T3 a distinctive green; Al, A5, and A8 with
dorsal humps tipped with a single elongate tubercle; A7 with an oblique middorsal white band; primary setae short.
ADULT Wingspan 3.5 centimeters. Forewings pale pink and gray; each forewing has a small black reniform spot, a broad
yellow subapical patch, and small black subapical dashes.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on cherry, apple, hawthorn, oak, and dogwood during spring. Adults are
nocturnal; fly from late spring to late summer. Found in woodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in North
America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Saturniidae
Polyphemus Moth - Antheraea polyphemus
CATERPILLAR Green; base of primary setae red, subdorsal and lateral setae have a silver shading below; end of prolegs
with yellow ring and tipped in black; diagonal streak of black and silver on A9. Head and true legs brown.
ADULT Wingspan 12.2 centimeters. Forewings tan-brown with pink edges to the basal and submarginal lines, reniform
spot is round and translucent, apical spot is small and black. Hindwings tan-brown; each hindwing has a broad black
submarginal line and a large black, blue, and yellow discal eyespot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on many broadleaf trees, such as white oak and big-leaf maple, during late
spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly between late spring and early summer. Found in wet forests; widely distributed in western
North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Saturniidae
COLORADIA PANDORA - PANDORA MOTH
CATERPILLAR Dark brown with white spots and light yellow-mustard green transverse bands at the antior of each
segment; middorsal, subdorsal and lateral white longitudinal dashed bands.
ADULll Wingspan 8.1 centimeters. Forewings black-brown with gray scales, basal and postmedian lines are black and
jagged to dentate, reniform spot is small, black, and round. Hindwings pink; each hindwing has a round, black reniform
spot and black postmedian line and submarginal border.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are very common; feed on conifers, particularly ponderosa pine, during late summer; overwintering,
with development completed in June. Pupae remain in the soil for one year. Adults are crepuscular/nocturnal, fly in
midsummer. Found in dry coniterous forests, particularly abundant in ponderosa pine forests where it is considered a pest;
widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
SATURNI I DAB
Brown Day Moth - Hemileuca eglanterina
CATERPILLAR This brownish black caterpillar has whorls of orange hairs on dorsal and subdorsal black spines. Black
spines also occur laterally and sublaterally with off-white hairs; white spiracular band. Gregarious early instars are solid
black.
ADULT Wingspan 6.4 centimeters. Forewings rose-pink and orange; each forewing has black basal and postmedian
bands, a round reniform spot and submarginal dashes. Hindwings orange with a similar pattern of black as on forewings.
Abdomen orange with black bands. Color variants may lack all black markings, with pure unmarked rose-pink and orange
wings or the black markings may be distinct, or greatly enlarged covering most of the wing.
ECOLOGY The hairy spines of this caterpillar are urticating. Caterpillars are common, generalist feeders on flowering
trees and shrubs, particularly Rosaceae, such as rose, hawthorn, cherry, serviceberry, and bitterbrush, during spring. Adults
are diurnal; fly in midsummer. Found in woodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in wrestern North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
S ATU RN 1 1 DAB
Hyalophora euryalus - Ceanothus Silk Moth
CATERPILLAR This caterpillar changes colors as it develops and molts (see Chapter 3, page 20). Mid-instars are the
most brilliantly colored with nine pairs of dorsal yellow spines, the first three pairs with partial to complete black rings; a
middorsal yellow spine on A8; two rows of lateral blue spines tipped with white along T 1 through A8; white-tipped blue
spines also occur on the head, at the base of the true legs, and in the anal region; body ranges from green to white-green.
Later instars white-green with white spines.
ADULT Wingspan 10.3 centimeters. Forewings variable rose-red, purple-red or dark red-brown; each torewing has a
large white, comma-shaped reniform spot, white basal and postmedian lines, and a round black subapical spot. Hindwings
similar to the forewings, but each hindwing has an extremely elongate reniform spot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common on snowbrush and bitterbrush, sometimes found on Douglas-fir, during July and
August. Adults are nocturnal; fly in spring. Found in woodlands, and wet and dry forests; widely distributed in the Pacific
Northwest.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
SATURNI I DAB
SATURNIA MENDOCINO
CATERPILLAR Highly variable through the various instars. Late instars (shown here) are dorsally yellow with fine wispy
white hairs and some patches of shorter densely packed orange hairs; ventrally black anterior to the prolegs. Head brown.
ADULT Wingspan 6.5 centimeters. Forewings dark brown; each forewing has a round black reniform spot. Hindwings
yellow-orange; each hindwing has a black postmedian band and round reniform spot.
ECOLOGY The hairs on the caterpillar are urticating. Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on the foliage of manzanita,
madrone, and species of Ceanothus. Adults are diurnal; fly in early spring. Found in dry forests, ranging from California to
western Oregon.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Sphingidae
Pachysphinx occidentalis
CATERPILLAR Light green dotted with white; oblique white band extends from subventral area of A6 to tip of horn
on A8; oblique white lines on A1 through A6 extend from in front of the spiracle to the dorsum of the adjacent posterior
segment; transverse white band at the base of the anal prolegs. Head green with converging yellow bands.
ADULT Wingspan 12.5 mm. Forewings pale yellow or gray; each forewing has a brown medial band. Hindwings have
a central patch of purple-red, and a blue anal spot crossed with a black dash.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on willow and black cottonwood during July and August. Adults are
nocturnal; fly from mid- to late summer. Found in riparian habitats in low elevation desert regions of western North
America.
EPIDOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Sphingidae
Blind Eyed Sphinx - Paonias excaecatus
CATERPILLAR Yellow -green with dense white speckles; oblique yellow line extends from the base of proleg on A6 to
dorsal horn on A8; also six oblique yellow lines from At through A6; white spiracles with black rim. Head green, edged in
white along posterior margin.
ADULT Wingspan 7.8 centimeters. Forewings pale to dark brown with the outer margins scalloped. Hindwings rose-red;
each hindwing has a round black anal spot containing a solid blue pupil.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on foliage of trees and shrubs, particularly oaks and ocean spray, during July
and August. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late spring to midsummer. Found in dry forests west of the Cascade Mountains
and in riparian forests east of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
Sphingidae
Smerinthus cerisyi
CATERPILLAR Green with white speckles, yellow lines dorsally are longitudinal and laterally they are oblique stripes just
above the spiracles; a prominent oblique white stripe extends to the tip of the horn which is purple. Head green with two
lateral yellow lines.
ADULT Wingspan 7.8 centimeters. Forewings falcate, pale gray with darker red or black-brown lines and bands, the outer
margins not scalloped. Hindwings rose-red with gray-tan margins; each hindwing has a blue ring on a round black anal
spot, creating the appearance of an eyespot.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on the foliage of willow and poplar. Adults are nocturnal; fly from spring to
early summer. Found in wet forests in western North America, particularly in coastal forests, riparian forests east of the
Cascade Mountains, and quaking aspen forests ol the Rocky Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
Sphingidae
Sequoia Sphinx - Sphinx sequoiae
CATERPILLAR Dark green with bright white patches dorsally and subdorsally; lateral white patches on thorax without
brown shading; lateral white patches on abdomen with brown shading above; black spiracles with white rim. Head green
with faint oblique yellow-green lines.
ADULl Wingspan 5.0 centimeters. Forewings gray with narrow black lines. Hindwings solid gray without markings.
Thorax gray with two narrow black lines. Abdomen with black and gray lateral spots or bands.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on foliage of western juniper during July and August. Adults are nocturnal;
fly in midsummer. Found in dry forests with cedars in the Pacific West, and particularly abundant in juniper woodlands east
of the Cascade Mountains.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
T H YAT 1 R 1 DAE
Ceranemota fasciata
CATERPILLAR Mottled white, tan, black, and yellow; tail-end of abdomen typically held above the substrate.
ADULT Wingspan 4.0 centimeters. Forewings white to gray with wavy, black lines in the basal band and postmedian band.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are common; feed on serviceberry during late spring. Adults are nocturnal; fly in late fall. Found
in coastal wet forests in the Pacific western states.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths: Chapter 5
T H YAT I R I DAE
Lettered Habrosyne - Habrosyne scripta
CATERPILLAR Tan-golden orange and light brown motded pattern; abdomen with a middorsal, longitudinal black line
and transverse black bands, laterally with slightly curved black dashes. Head gold-orange.
ADULT Wingspan 3.8 centimeters. Forewings gray-brown with faint pink basal and submarginal lines and a zigzag
postmedian line. Hindwings pale gray-brown and immaculate.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on salmonberry. Adults are nocturnal; fly from midsummer to fall. Found
in wet coastal forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter 5: Photographs of the Species: Skippers, Butterflies, & Moths
T H YAT I R I DAE
PSEUDOTHYATIRA CYMATOPHOROIDES
CATERPILLAR Tan-gold-orange and light brown mottled pattern; abdomen with middorsal longitudinal black line.
Head gold-orange.
ADULT Wingspan 4.2 centimeters. Forewings angular, pale gray-brown with narrow dentate basal, postmedian, and
submarginal lines, some moths with a black basal band and subanal spot. Hindwings transition from light to dark gray
toward the margin, immaculate.
ECOLOGY Caterpillars are uncommon; feed on thimbleberry. Adults are nocturnal; fly from late spring to late summer.
Found most often in wet coastal forests; widely distributed in western North America.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Common and Scientific Names of Hostplants: Appendix 1
Common and Scientific Names
a
Abies amabilis - Pacific silver fir
Abies grandis - grand fir
Acer macrophyllum - big-leaf maple
alfalfa - Medicago sativa
Alnus incana - mountain alder
Alnus rubra - red alder
Amelanchier alnifolia - serviceberry
Arabis - rockcress
Arbutus menziesii - madrone
Arceuthobium - dwarf mistletoe
Arctostaphyios manzanita - manzanita
Arctostaphylos viscida - whiteleaf manzanita
Aristolochia californica - Dutchman’s pipevine
Artemisia dracunculus - green sagebrush
Artemisia tridentata - big sagebrush
Asclepias spp. - milkweed
Aster - aster
azalea - Rhododendron occidentale
B
big-leaf maple - Acer macrophyllum
big sagebrush - Artemisia tridentata
bitter cherry - Prunus emarginata
bitterbrush - Purshia tridentata
black cottonwood - Populus trichocarpa
black oak - Quercus kelloggii
bleeding heart - Dicentra formosa
blue elderberry - Sambucus cerulea
blueberry - Vaccinium spp.
buckbrush - Ceanothus cuneatus
C
cascara - Rhamnus purshiana
Canadian thistle - Cirsium arvense
canyon live oak - Quercus chrysolepis
Ceanothus cuneatus - buckbrush
Ceanothus integerrimus - tobaccobrush
Ceanothus velutinus - snowbrush
chinquapin - Chrysolepis chrysophylla
Chrysolepis chrysophylla - chinquapin
Ceanothus cordulatus - snowbush
Cirsium arvense - Canadian thistle
clover - Trifolium
Cornus nuttalli - Pacific dogwood
Cornus stolonifera - red-stem osier
Corylus cornuta - hazel
cow parsnip - Heracleum lanatum
Crataegus douglasii - hawthorn
currant - Ribes spp.
Cusick’s checker-mallow - Sidalcea cusickii
Cymopterus - cymopterus
Cynoglossum occidentale - hound’s tongue
D
Dacus carrota - Queen Anne’s lace
dandelion - Taraxicum officinale
Dicentra formosa - bleeding heart
dogwood - Cornus spp.
Douglas-fir - Pseudotsuga menziesii
Dutchman’s pipevine - Aristolochia californica
dwarf mistletoe - Arceuthobium
E
Epilobium angustifolium - fi reweed
of Hostplants
F
fennel - Foeniculum vulgare
fireweed - Epilobium angustifolium
Foeniculum vulgare - fennel
G
Gaultheria shallon - salal
gooseberry - Ribes spp.
grand fir - Abies grandis
green sagebrush - Artemisia dracunculus
H
hawthorn - Crataegus douglasii
hazel - Corylus cornuta
Heracleum lanatum - cow parsnip
Holodiscus discolor - ocean spray
hound's tongue - Cynoglossum occidentale
J
Juniperus occidentalis - western juniper
K
Kincaid’s lupine - Lupinus sulphureus kincaidii
L
Lithocarpus densiflorus - tan oak
Lomatium - lomatium
Lonicera ciliosa - orange honeysuckle
Lonicera involucrata - twinberry
lotus - Lotus
Lotus - lotus
Lupinus sulphureus kincaidii - Kincaid’s lupine
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 1: Common and Scientific Names of Hostplants
M
madrone - Arbutus menziesii
manzanita - Arctostaphylos manzanita
Medicago sativa - alfalfa
milkweed - Asclepias
mock orange - Philadelphus lewisii
mountain alder - Atnus incana
myrica - Myrica californica
Myrica californica - myrica
N
nettle - Urtica spp.
ninebark - Physocarpus capitatus
O
oak - Quercus spp.
ocean spray - Holodiscus discolor
Orange honeysuckle - Lonicera ciliosa
P
Pacific dogwood - Cornus nuttallii
Pacific silver fir - Abies amabilis
penstemon - Penstemon
Penstemon - penstemon
Philadelphus lewisii - mock orange
Phoradendron - mistletoe
Physocarpus capitatus - ninebark
pine - Pin us spp.
Pinus contorta - lodgepole pine, shore pine
Pinus monticola - western white pine
Pinus ponderosa - ponderosa pine
Polystichum munitum - sword fern
Ponderosa pine - Pinus ponderosa
Populus tremuloides - quaking aspen
Populus trichocarpa - black cottonwood
Prunus emarginata - bitter cherry
Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas-fir
Purshia tridentata - bitterbrush
Q
quaking aspen - Populus tremuloides
Queen Anne's lace - Dacus carrota
Quercus chrysolepis - canyon live oak
Quercus garryana - white oak
R
red alder - Alnus rubra
red elderberry - Sambucus racemosa
red stem osier - Cornus stolonifera
Rhamnus purshiana - cascara
rhododendron - Rhododendron macrophyllum
Rhododendron macrophyllum - rhododendron
Rhododendron occidentale - azalea
Ribes cereum - squaw currant
Ribes viscosissimum - sticky currant
rockcress - Arabis
Rosa - rose
rose - Rosa
Rubus spectabilis - salmonberry
S
salal - Gaultheria shallon
Salix - willow
salmonberry - Rubus spectabilis
Sambucus cerulea - blue elderberry
Sambucus racemosa - red elderberry
Sedum - stonecrop
Senecio jacobaeae - tansy ragwort
serviceberry - Amelanchier alnifolia
Sidalcea cusickii - Cusick’s checker-mallow
Sisymbrium - tumblemustard
snowberry - Symphoricarpos albus
snowbrush - Ceanothus velutinus
snowbush - Ceanothus cordulatis
spiraea - Spiraea douglasii
Spiraea douglasii - spiraea
sticky currant - Ribes viscosissimum
stonecrop - Sedum spp.
sword fern - Polystichum munitum
Symphoricarpos albus - snowberry
T
tan oak - Lithocarpus densiflorus
tansy ragwort - Senecio jacobaea
Taraxicum officinale - dandelion
Thuja plicata - western red cedar
tobaccobrush - Ceanothus integerrimus
Trifolium - clover
Tsuga heterophylla - western hemlock
tumblemustard - Sisymbrium
twinberry - Lonicera involucrata
V
vetch - Vicia villosa
Vicia villosa - vetch
W
western hemlock - Tsuga heterophylla
western juniper - Juniperus occidentalis
western red cedar - Thuja plicata
western white pine - Pinus monticola
whiteleaf manzanita - Arctostaphylos viscida
white oak - Quercus garryana
willow - Salix
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
A
ALUCITIDAE
Alucita hexadactyla
Symphoricarpos albus
ARCTIIDAE
Arctia caja
Salix sp.
Cisseps fulvicollis
Poaceae
Clemensia albata
Quercus garryana
Ctenucha rubroscapus
Dactylus glomerata
Gnophaela latipennis
Cynoglossum occidentale
Grammia ornata
Centaurea montana (ornamental)
Hyphantria cunea
Alnus incana
Alnus rubra
Crataegus douglasii
Populus trichocarpa
Salix sp.
Hostplants Recorded for
Field-reared Caterpillars
(includes species not featured in photographs)
Lophocampa argentata
Pinus contorta
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tsuga heterophylla
Lophocampa maculata
Acer circinatum
Alnus rubra
Holodiscus discolor
Salix sp.
Platyprepia virginalls
Amsinckla retrorsa
Poaceae
Spilosoma virginica
Holodiscus discolor
Sambucus cerulea
Tyria jacobaeae
Senecio jacobaea
CHOREUTIDAE
Choreutis diana
Alnus sinuata
C
COCHYLIDAE
Cochylis sp.
Baccharis pilularis
COPROMORPHIDAE
Lotisma trigonana
Arctostaphylos Columbia
COSMOPTERYGIDAE
Sorhagenia nimbosa
Rhus diversiloba
D
DANAIDAE
Danaus plexippus
Asclepias sp.
DIOPTIDAE
Phryganidia californica
Chrysolepis chrysophylla
Lithocarpus densiflorus
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus garryana
DREPANIDAE
Drepana arcuata
Alnus rubra
Alnus sinuata
G
GELECHIIDAE
Athrips rancidella
Cotoneaster ( ornamental)
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
270
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
GELECHIIDAE, Chionodes spp.
Chionodes spp.
Ain us sinuata
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Quercus gamy ana
Gelechla dromicella
Rlbes lobli
Gelechia panella
Arctostaphylos patula
Pseudochelaria manzanitae
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos patula
Pseudochelaria scabrella
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Telphusa sedulitella
Arctostaphylos sp.
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus garryana
Quercus kelloggii
GEOMETRIDAE
Aethaloida packardaria
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Aethalura intertexta
Alnus incana
Rhamnus purshiana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific
- GEOMETRIDAE, Cochisea sinuaria
Anacamptodes cllvinaria
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Purshia tridentata
Quercus garryana
Anagoga occiduaria
Acer circinatum
Alnus sinuata
Holodiscus discolor
Vaccinium membranaceum
Anavitrinella pampinaria
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Apodrepanulatrix litaria
Ceanothus velutinus
Archiearis infans
Alnus incana
Alnus rubra
Besma quercivoraria
Quercus garryana
Biston betularia
Alnus rubra
Holodiscus discolor
Salix sp.
Vaccinium parvifolium
Cabera erythemaria
Salix spp.
Northwest
Campaea perlata
Acer circinatum
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus rubra
Alnus sinuata
Amelanchier alni folia
Cornus stolonifera
Corylus cornuta
Holodiscus discolor
Prunus emarginata
Quercus garryana
Rhamnus purshiana
Ribes sanguineus
Salix sp.
Sambucus racemosa
Symphoricarpos albus
Vaccinium pan/ifolium
Caripeta divisata
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tsuga heterophylla
Chesiadodes cinerea
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Chlorochlamys triangularis
Chrysothamnus naseosus
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Chlorosea banksaria
Holodiscus discolor
Purshia tridentata
Cochisea sinuaria
Arctostaphylos viscid a
Cyclophora dataria
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus garryana
Cyclophora pendullnaria
Alnus rubra
Ain us slnuata
Dasyfidonia avuncularia
Prunus emarglnata
Drepanulatrix carneararia
Ceanothus velutinus
Drepanulatrix falcataria
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus intergerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Drepanulatrix foeminaria
Ceanothus cordulatus
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Drepanulatrix monicaria
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus
Ceanothus velutinus
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
GEOMETRIDAE, Cyclophora dataria - G., Epirrhoe alternata
Drepanulatrix quadraria
Ceanothus velutinus
Drepanulatrix secundaria
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Dysstroma brunneata
Ribes cereum
Ribes sanguineus
Ribes viscosissimum
Dysstroma citrata
Alnus sinuata
Rubus parviflorus
Dysstroma formosa
Ribes cereum
Ribes cruentum
Ribes sanguineus
Ribes viscosissimum
Dysstroma ochrofuscaria
Corylus cornuta
Dysstroma sobria
Gaultheria shallon
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Dysstroma walkerata
Ribes cereum
Ectropis crepuscularia
Ceanothus integerrimus
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Rhamnus purshiana
Rubus spectabilis
Salix sp.
Symphoricarpos albus
Tsuga heterophylla
Vaccinium membranaceum
Elpiste lorquinaria
Alnus incana
Alnus rubra
Alnus sinuata
Populus tremuloides
Salix sp.
Elpiste metanemaria
Baccharis pilularis
Ennomos magnaria
Alnus rubra
Salix sp.
Enypia packardata
Abies grandis
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tsuga mertensiana
Epirrhoe alternata
Galium sp.
Drepanulatrix unicalcararia
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
GEOMETRIDAE, Erarmis tiliaria - G., Eupithecia misturata
Erannis tiliaria
Acer circinatum
Alnus rubra
Amelanchier alnifolia
Corylus cornuta
Crataegus douglasii
Prunus emarginata
Quercus garryana
Rosa sp.
Salix sp.
Euchlaena johnsonaria
Philadelphus lewisii
Rhamnus purshiana
Vaccinium parvifolium
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Alnus sinuata
Amelanchier alnifolia
Balsamorhiza sagittata
Cornus stolonifera
Corylus cornuta
Crataegus douglasii
Quercus chrysolepis
Rhamnus purshiana
Salix sp.
Eudrepanulatrix rectifascia
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Eulithis destinata
Vaccinium membranaceum
Vaccinium ovatum
Eulithis propulsata
Ribes cruentum
Eulithis xylina
Alnus Incana
Amelanchier alnifolia
Cornus stolonifera
Corylus cornuta
Crataegus douglasii
Holodiscus discolor
Physocarpus capltatus
Populus trichocarpa
Prunus emarginata
Prunus virginiana
Rhododendron occidentale
Rosa sp.
Salix sp.
Sorbus scopulina
Spiraea douglasii
Vaccinium alaskense
Vaccinium membranaceum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Eupithecia annulata
Abies grandis
Tsuga heterophylla
Eupithecia columbiata
Quercus garryana
Eupithecia formosa
Adenocaulon bi color
Eupithecia georgii
Alnus sinuata
Ceanothus velutinus
Eupithecia gilvipennata
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos patula
Eupithecia graefii
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Eupithecia harveyata
Ceanothus sanguineus
Eupithecia luteata
Quercus garryana
Eupithecia maestosa
Amelanchier alnifolia
Ceanothus cuneatus
Fraxinus I at i folia
Holodiscus discolor
Sambucus cerulea
Eupithecia misturata
Acer circinatum
Amelanchier alnifolia
Arctostaphylos patula
Baccharis pilularis
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
Eupithecia misturata (continued)
Ceanothus velutinus
Chrysothamnus naseosus
Cornus stolonifera
Holodiscus discolor
Lithocarpus densiflorus
Quercus garryana
Rubus discolor
Salix sp.
Senecio jacobaea
Sorbus scopulina
Spiraea douglasii
Vaccinium alaskense
Vaccinium membranaceum
Eupithecia nevadata
Ceanothus velutinus
Crataegus douglasii
Purshia tridentata
Eupithecia olivacea
Abies grandis
Eupithecia ravocostaliata
Rhamnus occidentalis
Rhamnus purshiana
Eupithecia sabulosata
Arbutus menziesii
Calocedrus decurrens
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Thuja plicata
GEOMETRIDAE, Eupithecia misturata - G., Hydriomena perfracta
Eupithecia subapicata
Arbutus menziesii
Vaccinium parvifolium
Eupithecia subcolorata
Vaccinium parvifolium
Eustroma fasciata
Abies grandis
Eustroma semiatrata
Vaccinium parvifolium
Gabriola dyari
Abies grandis
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tsuga heterophylla
Hesperumia latipennis
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Corylus cornuta
Holodiscus discolor
Quercus garryana
Ribes cereum
Sambucus cerulea
Symphoricarpos albus
Vaccinium parvifolium
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Amelanchier alni folia
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos patula
Arctostaphylos viscid a
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Corylus cornuta
Holodiscus discolor
Purshia tridentata
Ribes cereum
Ribes cruentum
Salix spp.
Vaccinium alaskense
Vaccinium membranaceum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Hydriomena edenata
Quercus garryana
Hydriomena expurgata
Quercus kelloggii
Hydriomena irata
Quercus garryana
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Hydriomena manzanita
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos patula
Hydriomena nubilofasciata
Quercus garryana
Hydriomena perfracta
Quercus garryana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
GEOMETRIDAE, Hydriomena renunciata - G., Neoalcis californiaria
Hydriomena renunciata
Alnus rubra
Quercus garryana
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus rubra
Amelanchier alni folia
Corylus cornuta
Physocarpus capitatus
Quercus garryana
Iridopsis emasculata
Acer circinatum
Alnus rubra
Ceanothus integerrimus
Sambucus sp.
Vaccinium membranaceum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Itame anataria
Physocarpus capitatus
Itame bltactata
Ribes cereum
Ribes viscosissimum
Itame colata
Artemisia tridentata
Purshia tridentata
Itame exauspicata
Acer circinatum
Physocarpus capitatus
Itame guenearia
Rhamnus occidentalis
Itame plumosata
Acer glabrum
Itame guadrilinearia
Ceanothus Integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Lambdina fiscellaria
Acer circinatum
Alnus rubra
Alnus slnuata
Gaultheria shallon
Holodiscus discolor
Prunus emarginata
Quercus garryana
Tsuga heterophylla
Mesoleuca gratulata
Corylus cornuta
Nematocampa resistaria
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus rubra
Arctostaphylos sp.
Ceanothus Integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus nuttallii
Mentha piperita
Quercus garryana
Ribes lobbii
Nemoria darwiniata
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos patula
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Myrica californica
Purshia tridentata
Quercus garryana
Neoalcis californiaria
Abies grandis
Acer circinatum
Alnus rubra
Amelanchier alnlfolla
Arbutus menzlesii
Arctostaphylos columblana
Arctostaphylos vise Id a
Calocedrus decurrens
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Cedrus atlanticus
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Corylus cornuta
Crataegus douglasii
Gaultheria shallon
Holodiscus discolor
Myrica californica
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
Neoalcis californiaria (continued)
Pin us monticola
Pinus sylvestris
Polystichum munitum
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus garryana
Quercus kelloggii
Rhamnus purshiana
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Rosa sp.
Salix sp.
Symphoricarpos albus
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Umbeliularia caiifornica
Vaccinium ovatum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Neoterpes trianguliferata
Ribes cereum
Ribes viscosissimum
Nepytia umbrosaria
Abies grand is
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tsuga heterophylla
Operophtera bruceata
Acer circinatum
Acer macrophyllum
Amelanchier alni folia
Holodiscus discolor
Oemleria cerasiformis
GEOMETRIDAE, Neoalcis californiaria - G.
Prunus avium
Prunus virginiana
Ribes cereum
Rosa sp.
Operophtera brumata
Cory I us avellana
Operophtera danbyi
Fraxinus latifolia
Prunus avium
Quercus garryana
Perizoma costiguttata
Holodiscus discolor
Perizoma curvilinea
Holodiscus discolor
Pero mizon
Acer circinatum
Amelanchier alnifolia
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos columbiana
Baccharis pilularis
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus nuttallii
Corylus cornuta
Holodiscus discolor
Pachistima myrsinites
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Purshia tridentata
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus garryana
Ribes sp.
Rosa sp.
Symphoricarpos albus
Tsuga heterophylla
Vaccinium parvifolium
Pero occidentalis
Abies grandis
Phigalia plumogeraria
Quercus garryana
Plagodis phlogosaria
Alnus rubra
Plemyria georgii
Acer circinatum
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus sinuata
Probole alienaria
Alnus rubra
Cornus nuttallii
Probole amicaria
Cornus nuttallii
Cornus stolonifera
Vaccinium parvifolium
Protitame matilda
Populus trichocarpa
Salix sp.
, Protitame matilda
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwes
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
GEOMETRIDAE, Protoboarmia porcelaria - G., Triphosa californiata
Protoboarmia porcelaria
Pseudotsuga menziesli
Rheumaptera subhastata
Alnus rubra
Alnus slnuata
Sabulodes aegrotata
Alnus rubra
Holodiscus discolor
Rubus spectabilis
Sambucus racemosa
Spiraea douglasii
Umbellularia californica
Selenia alciphearia
Acer circinatum
Acer macrophyllum
Rubus spectabilis
Semiothisa burneyata
Calocedrus decurrens
Semiothisa continuata
Juniperus occidentalis
Semiothisa curvata
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Semiothisa denticulata
Purshia tridentata
Semiothisa neptaria
Salix sp.
Semiothisa respersata
Quercus garryana
Semiothisa signaria
Tsuga heterophylla
Semiothisa subminiata
Salix sp.
Sericosema juturnaria
Ceanothus cordulatus
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Sicya crocearia
Alnus rubra
Spargania magnoliata
Epilobium angustifolium
Stamnodes coenonympha
Cercocarpus montanus
Synaxis cervinaria
Alnus sinuata
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos sp.
Ceanothus integerrimus
Purshia tridentata
Rhamnus purshiana
Salix sp.
Synaxis formosa
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Synaxis jubararia
Acer circinatum
Alnus incana
Amelanchier alni folia
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Fraxinus I at i folia
Gaultheria shallon
Holodiscus discolor
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Rhododendron ocidentale
Ribes cereum
Sambucus cerulea
Symphoricarpos albus
Vaccinium parvifolium
Synaxis pallulata
Picea engelmannii
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Synchlora aerata
Ceanothus integerrimus
Thallophaga taylorata
Polystichum munitum
Vaccinium membranaceum
Triphosa californiata
Rhamnus occidentalis
Rhamnus purshiana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Triphosa haesitata
Rhamnus purshiana
Venusia pearsalli
Alnus rubra
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus garryana
Xanthorhoe macdunnoughi
Symphoricarpos albus
GRACILARIIDAE
Caloptilia diversilobiella
Rhamnus purshiana
H
HELIOZELIDAE
Coptodisca arbutiella
Arctostaphylos sp.
Gaultheria shallon
HESPERIIDAE
Epargyreus clarus
Lotus crassifolius
Erynnis propertius
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus garryana
Pyrgus communis
Sidalcea cusickii
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
GEOMETRIDAE, Triphosa haesitata - LYCAENIDAE, Mitoura grynea
L
LASIOCAMPIDAE
Malacosoma californicum
Acer circinatum
Alnus rubra
Arbutus menziesii
Ceanothus velutinus
Corylus cornuta
Physocarpus capitatus
Populus tremuloides
Purshia tridentata
Pyrus malus
Quercus garryana
Malacosoma constrictum
Quercus garryana
Malacosoma disstrla
Alnus rubra
Populus trichocarpa
Quercus garryana
Salix sp.
Phyllodesma americana
Alnus Incana
Alnus rubra
Alnus sinuata
Amelanchler alnifolia
Ceanothus integerrlmus
Ceanothus velutinus
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Holodiscus discolor
Populus tremuloides
Quercus garryana
LIMACODIDAE
Tortricidea testacea
Quercus garryana
LYCAENIDAE
Celastrina argiolus
Arctostaphylos patula
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus stolonifera
Holodiscus discolor
Physocarpus capitatus
Prunus virginiana
Habrodals grunus
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus vaccinifolia
Icaricia icarioides fenderi
Lupinus sulphureus kinkaidii
Incisalia augustinus
Arctostaphylos patula
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Prunus emarginata
Lycaena arota
Ribes cruentum
Mitoura grynea
Juniperus occidentalis
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
LYCAENIDAE, Mitoura spinetorum - NOCTUIDAE, Acronicta grisea
Mitoura spinetorum
Arceuthobium sp.
Satyrium behrii
Purshia tridentata
Satyrium californicum
Purshia tridentata
Satyrium saepium
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Satyrium sylvinum
Salix sp.
Strymon melinus
Sidalcea cusickii
LYMANTRIIDAE
Dasychira grisefacta
Abies grandis
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Dasychira vagans
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus rhombifolia
Amelanchier alnifolia
Corylus cornuta
Populus trichocarpa
Pyrus malus
Quercus garryana
Leucoma salicis
Populus tremuloides
Salix sp. (ornamental)
Orgyia antiqua
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Quercus garryana
Salix sp.
Vaccinium sp.
Orgyia pseudotsugata
Abies grandis
Ceanothus cuneatus
Quercus kellogii
LYONETIIDAE
Bucculatrix separabilis
Baccharis pilularis
Bucculatrix spp.
Alnus rhombifolia
Quercus garryana
N
NOCTUIDAE
Abagrotis a p posit a
Arbutus menziesii
Ceanothus sanguineus
Abagrotis duanca
Artemisia tridentata
Abagrotis erratica
Symphoricarpos albus
Abagrotis glenni
Juniperus occidentalis
Abagrotis trigona
Arbutus menziesii
Vaccinium parvifolium
Abagrotis variata
Salix sp.
Abrostola urentis
Urtica dioica
Achytonix epipaschia
Psedotsuga menziesii
Acronicta cyanescens
Ceanothus velutinus
Acronicta frag i I is
P run us sp.
Acronicta funeralis
Acer macrophyllum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Acronicta grisea
Alnus rhombifolia
Alnus rubra
Alnus sinuata
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
NOCTUIDAE, Acronicta hesperida - N., Aseptis binotata
Acronicta hesperida
Alnus rubra
Acronicta impressa
Purshia tridentata
Rosa sp.
Acronicta impleta
Alnus rubra
Acronicta marmorata
Quercus garryana
Acronicta perdita
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus velutinus
Purshia tridentata
Adelphagrotis indeterminata
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Holodiscus discolor
Symphoricarpos albus
Adelphagrotis stellaris
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus nuttallii
Holodiscus discolor
Physocarpus capitatus
Rhamnus purshiana
Rubus discolor
Agrochola pulchella
Quercus garryana
Agrochola purpurea
Verbascum thapsus
Agrotis Ipsllon
Medicago sativa
Alypia langtoni
Epilobium angustifolium
Spiraea douglasii
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Acer circinatum
Alnus rubra
Arctostaphylos sp.
Corylus cornuta
Holodiscus discolor
Symphoricarpos albus
Tili a sp.
Amphipyra tragopoginis
Medicago sativa
Andropolia aedon
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus incana
Alnus rubra
Holodiscus discolor
Physocarpus capitatus
Andropolia diversilineata
Purshia tridentata
Andropolia theodori
Ceanothus velutinus
Holodiscus discolor
Anhimella perbrunnea
Holodiscus discolor
Symphoricarpos albus
Apharetra californlae
Arctostaphylos patula
Aseptis adnixa
Oemleria cerasiformis
Ribes sp.
Aseptis binotata
Acer circinatum
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus rubra
Amelanchier alnifolia
Arbutus menziesii
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus stolonifera
Corylus cornuta
Holodiscus discolor
Lonicera ciliosa
Oemleria cerasiformis
Prunus emarginata
Quercus garryana
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Ribes aureum
Ribes cereum
Ribes niveum
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus spectabilis
Salix spp.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
NOCTUIDAE, Aseptis binotata - N., Feralia deceptiva
Aseptis binotata (continued)
Symphoricarpos albus
Vaccinium parvifolium
Aseptis ethnica
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos patula
Arctostaphylos vise id a
Aseptis fumosa
Ceanothus integerrimus
Purshia tridentata
Autograph a californica
Brassica oleracea
Medicago sativa
Mentha piperita
Mertensia ciliata
Autograph a corn sea
Achlys triphylla
Bomolocha bijugalis
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus nuttallii
Caenurgina erechtea
Medicago sativa
Catocala aholibah
Quercus garryana
Catocala briseis
Salix sp.
Catocala ophelia
Quercus chrysolepis
Catocala verrilliana
Quercus garryana
Cissusa indiscreta
Quercus garryana
Cosmia calami
Corylus cornuta
Quercus garryana
Dargida procincta
Medicago sativa
Mentha piperita
Diarsia esurialis
Polystichum munitum
Draudtia lunata
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Dryotype opina
Amelanchier alnifolia
Egira crucialis
Alnus rubra
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus stolonifera
Purshia tridentata
Quercus garryana
Spiraea douglasii
Egira curialis
Celtis reticulata
Prunus virginiana
Egira hiemalis
Corylus cornuta
Fraxinus lati folia
Egira perlubens
Arctostaphylos patula
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Holodiscus discolor
Purshia tridentata
Egira rubrica
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Holodiscus discolor
Enargia infumata
Populus tremuloides
Euxoa ochrogaster
Mentha piperita
Euxoa olivia
Mentha piperita
Euxoa recula
Mentha piperita
Feralia deceptiva
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Fishia nr. bettsia
Chrysothamnus naseosus
Fishia evelina
Arctostaphylos patula
Ceanothus velutinus
Prunus virginiana
Purshia tridentata
Sambucus cerulea
Graphiphora haruspica
Ribes sp.
Rubus discolor
Heliothis phloxiphagus
Mentha piperita
Hemigraphiphora plebeia
Rubus discolor
Homoglaea carbonaria
Populus tremuloides
Salix sp.
Flomoglaea dives
Populus tremuloides
Populus trichocarpa
Salix sp.
Hypena californica
Urtica dioica
Hypena humuli
Urtica dioica
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
NOCTUIDAE, Fishia nr. bettsia - N., Lithophane irmominata
Lacanobia lilacina
Alnus rubra
Lacanobia lutra
Alnus rubra
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Salix sp.
Vaccinium membranaceum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Lacanobia subjuncta
Holodiscus discolor
Lacanobia tacoma
Vaccinium membranaceum
Lacinipolia stricta
Mentha piperita
Litholomia napaea
Salix sp.
Lithomoia germana
Vaccinium sp.
Lithophane amanda
Salix sp.
Lithophane atara
Pinus ponderosa
Lithophane baileyi
Vaccinium parvifolium
Lithophane contenta
Holodiscus discolor
Quercus garryana
Lithophane dilatocula
Alnus incana
Lithophane gausapata
Calocedrus decurrens
Lithophane georgii
Acer circinatum
Acer g la brum
Alnus rubra
Amelanchier alni folia
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Cornus stolonifera
Crataegus douglasii
Fraxinus I at i folia
Heracleum lanatum
Holodiscus discolor
Prunus emarginata
Purshia tridentata
Ribes cereum
Rosa sp.
Sorbus scopulina
Spiraea douglasii
Lithophane innominata
Alnus rubra
Crataegus douglasii
Holodiscus discolor
Salix sp.
Sorbus scopulina
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
NOCTUIDAE, Lithophane longior - N., Orthosia pacifica
Lithophane longior
Juniperus occidentalis
Lithophane pertorrida
Acer macrophyllum
Holodiscus discolor
Prunus virginiana
Lithophane petulca
Ain us rubra
Ain us sinuata
Lithophane thaxteri
Spiraea douglasii
Litocaia sexsignata
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus chrysolepis
Mamestra configurata
Medicago sativa
Mentha piperita
Melanchra picta
Medicago sativa
Mesogona olivata
Ceanothus velutinus
Crataegus douglasii
Purshia tridentata
Quercus garryana
Ribes aureum
Ribes velutinum
Mesogona rubra
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Quercus garryana
Nola minna
Ceanothus cordulatus
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Nycteola Columbiana
Salix sp.
Nycteola frigidana
Salix sp.
Oligia illocata
Alnus rubra
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Oncocnemis chalybdis
Spiraea douglasii
Oncocnemis Columbia
Holodiscus discolor
Holodiscus dumosa
Oncocnemis dunbari
Holodiscus discolor
Oncocnemis homogena
Holodiscus discolor
Oncocnemis youngi
Holodiscus discolor
Orthosia hibisci
Acer macrophyllum
Acer palmatum
Alnus rubra
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus stolonifera
Corylus cornuta
Crataegus douglasii
Lonicera ciliosa
Physocarpus capitatus
Quercus garryana
Prunus emarginata
Prunus virginiana
Quercus garryana
Rhamnus purshiana
Salix sp.
Sambucus cerulea
Orthosia mys
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos manzanita
Arctostaphylos patula
Arctostaphylos viscid a
Orthosia pacifica
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos sp.
Ceanothus velutinus
Quercus garryana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Orthosia praeses
Ceanothus integerrimus
Spiraea douglasii
Orthosia pulchella
Arctostaphylos patula
Orthosia transparens
Arbutus menziesii
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Palthis angulalis
Ceanothus cuneatus
Panthea portlandia
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Papestra invalida
Arctostaphylos patula
Peridroma saucia
Mentha piperita
Perigonica angulata
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Lithocarpus densiflorus
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus vaccinifolia
Perigonica pectinata
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Perigonica tertia
Quercus garryana
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars:
Appendix 2
NOCTUIDAE, Orthosia praeses - N., Synedoida ochracea
Phlogophora periculosa
Corylus cornuta
Polystichum munitum
Prunus emarginata
Salix sp.
Tsuga heterophylla
Vaccinium ovatum
Vaccinium parvifolium
Platypolia contadina
Dicentra formosa
Ribes cereum
Ribes lacustre
Vaccinium alaskense
Vaccinium parvifolium
Platypolia loda
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Ribes cereum
Pleromelloida cinerea
Symphoricarpos albus
Pleromelloida obliquata
Quercus garryana
Polia discalis
Alnus rubra
Polia purpurissata
Purshia tridentata
Pseudaletia unipuncta
Medicago sativa
Pseudorthodes irrorata
Alnus rubra
Corylus cornuta
Holodiscus discolor
Polystichum munitum
Quercus garryana
Rub us spectabilis
Symphoricarpos albus
Scoliopteryx libatrix
Populus trichocarpa
Salix spp.
Spodoptera praefica
Medicago sativa
Stretchia muricina
Ribes cruentum
Ribes viscosissimum
Stretchia plusiaeformis
Ribes cereum
Ribes cruentum
Sunira decipiens
Acer macrophyllum
Symphoricarpos albus
Synedoida divergens
Sambucus cerulea
Synedoida ochracea
Sambucus cerulea
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
NOCTUIDAE, Syngrapha rectangula - NYMPHALIDAE, Nymphalis californica
Syngrapha rectangula
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tesagrotls atrifrons
Purshia tridentata
Tesagrotis corrodera
Purshia tridentata
Tesagrotis piscipellis
Purshia tridentata
Trichoplusia ni
Brassica oleracea
Medicago sativa
Mentha piperita
Mertensia ciliata
Xestia dolosa
Medicago sativa
Mentha piperita
Xestia mustelina
Arbutus menziesii
Myrica californica
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Tsuga heterophylla
Vaccinium parvifolium
Xylena brucei
Purshia tridentata
Xylena cineritia
Rosa sp.
Sambucus cerulea
Spiraea douglasii
Zale lunata
Rubus parviflorus
Salix sp.
Zale minerea
Ceanothus integerrimus
Zale termina
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus chrysolepis
Zotheca tranquilla
Sambucus racemosa
NOTODONTIDAE
Clostera apicalis
Salix sp.
Crataegus douglasii
Quercus garryana
Nadata gibbosa
Acer circinatum
A cer macrophyllum
Quercus garryana
Nadata oregonensis
Quercus garryana
Schizura concinna
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus velutinus
Malus sp. (crabapple)
Quercus garryana
Schizura ipomoeae
Arbutus menziesii
Cornus nuttallii
Schizura unicornis
Cornus nuttallii
Crataegus douglasii
Malus sp.
Prunus sp.
Quercus garryana
NYMPHALIDAE
Adelpha bredowii
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus chrysolepis
Euphydryas chalcedona
Penstemon cardwellii
Li me nit is lorquini
Populus hybrid
Salix sp. (pussywillow)
Nymphalis antiopa
Salix spp.
Nymphalis californica
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus velutinus
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
NYMPHALIDAE, Nymphalis milberti - PYRALIDAE, Herpetogramma pertextalis
Nymphalis milberti
Urtica dioica
Polygon ia faun us
Salix spp.
Polygonia gracilis zephyrus
Ribes cereum
Ribes viscosissimum
Ribes watsonianum
Polygonia satyrus
Urtica dioica
Vanessa annabella
Althaea rosa
Urtica dioica
Vanessa atalanta
Urtica dioica
Vanessa cardui
Althaea rosa
Artemisia vulgaris
Cirsium arvense
Vanessa virginiensis
Anaphalis margaritacea
O
OECOPHORIDAE
Agonopterix alstroemeriana
Conium maculatum
Depressaria pastinacella
Heracleum lanatum
Depressaria sp.
Artemisia douglasiana
P
PAPILIONIDAE
Papilio bairdii oregonius
Artemisia dracunculus
Papilio eurymedon
Ceanothus velutinus
Papilio zelicaon
Heracleum lanatum
PIERIDAE
Colias philodice
Medicago sativa
Neophasia menapia
Pinus contorta
Pin us ponderosa
Pieris rapae
Brassica oleracea
Nausturtium sp.
PLUTELLIDAE
Euceratia castella
Quercus garryana
Symphoricarpos albus
Euceratia securella
Lonicera involucrata
Symphoricarpos albus
Plutella xylostella
Brassica oleracea
Ypsolopha cervella
Quercus garryana
Ypsolopha dentiferella
Symphoricarpos albus
Ypsolopha walsinghamiella
Prunus virginiana
Purshia tridentata
PTEROPHORIDAE
Emmelina monodactyla
Convolvulus nyctagineus
PYRALIDAE
Acrobasis tricolorella
Amelanchier alni folia
Ambesa walsinghami
Prunus emarginata
Herpetogramma pertextalis
Alnus rubra
Vancouveria hexandra
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
PYRALIDAE, Udea profundalis
Udea profundalis
Mentha piperita
Sidalce cusickii
Urtica dioica
S
SATURNIIDAE
Antheraea polyphemus
Alnus rubra
Quercus garryana
Coioradia pandora
Pinus ponderosa
Hemileuca eglanterina
Ceanothus integerrimus
Ceanothus sanguineus
Ceanothus velutinus
Purshia tridentata
Hyalophora euryalus
Ceanothus velutinus
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Purshia tridentata
SPHINGIDAE
Hemaris diffinis
Symphoricarpos albus
Paonias excaecatus
Crataegus douglasii
Sphinx sequoiae
Juniperus occidentalis
TORTRICIDAE, Archips rosana
T
THYATIRIDAE
Ceranemota fasciata
Ameianchier alnifolia
Ceranemota improvisa
Crataegus douglasii
Prunus sp.
Ceranemota tearlei
Ameianchier alnifolia
Sorbus scopulina
Euthyatira lorata
Cornus stolonifera
Habrosyne scripta
Rubus spectabilis
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus spectabilis
TORTRICIDAE
Acleris cornana (species complex)
Cornus stolonifera
Acleris glove ran a
Abies amabilis
Picea engelmannii
Tsuga heterophylla
Acleris hastiana
Salix hookeriana
Acleris maxima
Salix sp.
Acleris senescens
Arctostahylos patula
Salix sp.
Amorbia cuneana
Arctostaphylos patula
Archips argyrospila
Alnus in can a
Ceanothus cuneatus
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus stolonifera
Holodiscus discolor
Quercus kelloggii
Salix sp.
Archips rosana
Acer circinatum
Acer macrophyllum
Alnus rubra
Ameianchier alnifolia
Arctostaphylos patula
Ceanothus velutinus
Cornus stolonifera
Corylus cornuta
Crataegus douglasii
Quercus garryana
Vaccinium parvifolium
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars: Appendix 2
TORTRICIDAE, Argyrotaenia citrana - T., Pseudexentera habrosana
Argyrotaenia citrana
Baccharis pilularis
Rubus discolor
Rubus spectabilis
Argyrotaenia dorsalana
Pinus ponderosa
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos patula
Choristoneura occidentalis
Abies grandis
Picea engelmannii
Picea sitchensis
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Choristoneura rosaceana
Acer circinatum
Betula sp.
Fraxinus latifolia
Holodiscus discolor
Mentha piperita
Physocarpus capitatus
Prunus sp.
Quercus garryana
Sal lx sp.
Clepsls persicana
Corylus cornuta
Ribes lacustre
Croesia curvalana
Vaccinium membranaceum
Decodes montanus
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Dltula angustiorana
Abies grandis
Corylus cornuta
Quercus garryana
Epinotia albangulana
Ain us rubra
Ain us sinuata
Epinotia arctostaphylana
Arctostaphylos patula
Epinotia Columbia
Salix sp.
Epinotia emarginana
Heracleum lanatum
Quercus garryana
Quercus kelloggii
Epinotia fumoviridiana
Chrysolepsis chrysophylla
Quercus vaccinifolia
Epinotia johnsonana
Holodiscus discolor
Epinotia rectiplicana
Quercus garryana
Epinotia signiferana
Ceanothus velutinus
Epinotia solandriana
Alnus rubra
Epinotia subplicana
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos manzanita
Arctostaphylos patula
Epinotia terracoctana
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Arctostaphylos patula
Epinotia vagana
Ribes viscosissimum
Rosa sp.
Griselda radicana
Tsuga heterophylla
Melissopus latiferreanus
Quercus garryana (in galls of
Besbicus mirabilis)
Pandemis pyrusana
Alnus incana
Alnus rubra
Cornus stolonifera
Physocarpus capitatus
Quercus sadleriana
Salix sp.
Pseudexentera habrosana
Quercus garryana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
288
Appendix 2: Hostplants Recorded for Field-reared Caterpillars
TORTRICIDAE, Sparganothis senecionana - YPONOMEUTIDAE, Zelleria gracilariella
Sparganothis senecionana
Holodiscus discolor
Quercus garryana
Ribes cereum
Ribes lobbii
Ribes viscosissimum
Sparganothis tunucana
Purshia tridentata
Spilonota ocellana
Crataegus douglasii
Prunus avium
Quercus garryana
Synnona lynosynana
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Y
YPONOMEUTIDAE
Zelleria gracilariella
Ribes lacustra
Ribes viscosissimum
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
A
Abies amabilis [Pinaceae]
Pacific silver fir
Tortricidae
Acleris gloverana
Abies grandis [Pinaceae]
Grand fir
Geometridae
Enypia packardata
Eupithecia annulata
Eupithecia olivacea
Eustroma fasciata
Gabriola dyari
Neoalcis californiaria
Nepytia umbrosaria
Pern occidentalis
Lymantriidae
Dasychira grisefacta
Orgyia pseudotsugata
Tortricidae
Choristoneura occidentalis
Ditula angustiorana
Acer circinatum [Aceraceae]
Vine maple
Arctiidae
Lophocampa maculata
Geometridae
An agog a occiduaria
Campaea perlata
Erannis tiliaria
Eupithecia misturata
Iridopsis emasculata
Hostplants by Family and
Species
Itame exauspicata
Lambdina fiscellaria
Neoalcis californiaria
Operophtera bruceata
Pern mizon
Plemyria georgii
Selenia alciphearia
Synaxis jubararia
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californica
Noctuidae
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Aseptis binotata
Lithophane georgii
Notodontidae
Nadata gibbosa
Tortricidae
Archips rosana
Choristoneura rosaceana
Acer glabrum [Aceraceae]
Rocky Mountain maple
Geometridae
Itame plumosata
Noctuidae
Lithophane georgii
Acer macrophyllum [Aceraceae]
Big-leaf maple
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Nematocampa resistaria
Operophtera bruceata
Plemyria georgii
Selenia alciphearia
Sunira decipiens
Lymantriidae
Dasychira vagans
Noctuidae
Acronicta funeralis
Andropolia aedon
Aseptis binotata
Lithophane pertorrida
Orthosia hibisci
Sunira decipiens
Notodontidae
Nadata gibbosa
Schizura unicornis
Tortricidae
Archips rosana
Acer palmatum [Aceraceae]
Japanese maple
Noctuidae
Orthosia hibisci
Achlys triphylla [Berberidaceae]
Vanilla leaf
Noctuidae
Autograph a corusca
Adenocaulon bicolor [Asteraceae]
Pathfinder
Geometridae
Eupithecia formosa
Pterophoridae
unknown spp.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Ain us incana - Ain us sinuata
Alnus incana [Betulaceae]
Mountain alder
Arctiidae
Hyphantria cunea
Lophocampa maculata
Geometridae
Aethalura intertexta
Archiearis in fans
Elpiste lorquinaria
Eulithis xylina
Synaxis jubararia
Lasiocampidae
Phyllodesma americana
Noctuidae
Acronicta grisea
Andropolia aedon
Egira crucialis
Lithophane dilatocula
Tortricidae
Archips argyrospila
Pandemis pyrusana
Ainus rhombifolia [Betulaceae]
White alder
Lymantriidae
Dasychira vagans
Lyonetiidae
Bucculatrix sp.
Noctuidae
Acronicta grisea
Alnus rubra [Betulaceae]
Red alder
Arctiidae
Hyphantria cunea
Lophocampa maculata
Drepanidae
Drepana arcuata
Geometridae
Archiearis infans
Biston betularia
Campaea perlata
Cyclophora pendulinaria
Elpiste lorquinaria
Ennomos magnaria
Erannis tiliaria
Hydriomena renunciata
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Iridopsis emasculata
Lambdina fiscellaria
Nematocampa resistaria
Neoalcis californiaria
Plagodis phlogosaria
Probole alienaria
Rheumaptera subhastata
Sabulodes aegrotata
Sicya crocearia
Venusia pearsalli
Gracillariidae
Caloptilia sp.
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californicum
Malacosoma disstria
Phyllodesma americana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Noctuidae
Acronicta grisea
Acronicta he spend a
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Andropolia aedon
Aseptis binotata
Egira crucialis
Lacanobia lilacina
Lacanobia lutra
Lithophane georgii
Lithophane innominata
Lithophane petulca
Oligia illocata
Orthosia hibisci
Polia discalis
Pseudorthodes irrorata
Pyralidae
Herpetogramma pertextalis
Saturniidae
Antheraea polyphemus
Tortricidae
Acleris sp.
Archips rosana
Epinotia albangulana
Epinotia solandriana
Pandemis pyrusana
Alnus sinuata [Betulaceae]
Sitka alder
Choreutidae
Choreutis diana
Drepanidae
Drepana arcuata
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Alnus sinuata - Arbutus menziesii
Alnus sinuata [Betulaceae] (continued)
Gelechiidae
Chionodes sp.
Geometridae
Anagoga occiduaria
Campaea perlata
Cyclophora pendulinaria
Geometridae
Amelanchier alnifolia [Rosaceae]
Serviceberry
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Erannis tlllaria
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia maestosa
Amsinckia retrorsa [Boraginaceae]
Rigid fiddleneck
Arctiidae
Platyprepia virginalis
Anaphalis margaritacea [Asteraceae]
Pearly-everlasting
Nymphalidae
Dysstroma cltrata
Echlaena tigrinaria
Elpiste lorquinaria
Eupithecia georgii
Lambdina fiscellaria
Plemyria georgii
Rheumaptera subhastata
Synaxis cervinaria
Lasiocampidae
Phyllodesma americana
Noctuidae
Acronicta grisea
Lithophane petulca
Tortricidae
Acleris senescens
Caloptila spp.
Epinotia albangulana
Althaea rosa [Rosaceae]
Hollyhock
Nymphalidae
Vanessa annabella
Vanessa cardui
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Neoalcis californiaria
Operophtera bruceata
Pero mizon
Synaxis jubararia
Lasiocampidae
Phyllodesma americana
Lymantriidae
Dasychira vagans
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Dryotype opina
Lithophane georgii
Pyralidae
Acrobasis tricolorella
Thyatiridae
Ceranemota fasciata
Ceranemota tearlei
Tortricidae
Archips rosana
Vanessa virginiensis
Arbutus menziesii [Ericaceae]
Madrone
Geometridae
Eupithecia graefii
Eupithecia subapicata
Eupithecia subulosata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Hydriomena manzanita
Neoalcis californiaria
Pero mizon
Synaxis cervinaria
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californica
Lymantriidae
Orgyia vetusta
Noctuidae
Abagrotis apposita
Abagrotis trigona
Aseptis binotata
Aseptis ethnica
Orthosia pacifica
Orthosia transparens
Xestia mustelina
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Arbutus menziesii - Arctostaphylos spp.
Arbutus menziesii [Ericaceae] (continued)
Notodontidae
Schizura ipomoeae
Tortricidae
Epinotia terracoctana
Arceuthobium spp. [Loranthaceae]
Dwarf mistletoe
Lycaenidae
Mitoura spinetorum
Arctostaphylos Columbiana [Ericaceae]
Bristly manzanita
Copromorphidae
Lotisma trigonana
Gelechiidae
Pseudochelaria manzanitae
Pseudochelaria scabrella
Geometridae
Eupithecia gilvipennata
Eupithecia graefii
Nemoria darwiniata
Neoalcis californiaria
Pern mizon
Noctuidae
Aseptis ethnica
Mesogona rubra
Orthosia mys
Pterophoridae
unidentified species
Tortricidae
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Ohio nodes sp.
Epinotia subplicana
Epinotia terracoctana
Arctostaphylos manzanita [Ericaceae]
Manzanita
Noctuidae
Orthosia mys
Tortricidae
Epinotia subplicana
Arctostaphylos patula [Ericaceae]
Green-leaf manzanita
Gelechiidae
Gelechia panella
Pseudochelaria manzanitae
Geometridae
Eupithecia gilvipennata
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Hydriomena manzanita
Nemoria darwiniata
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus
Incisalia augustinus
Noctuidae
Apharetra californiae
Aseptis ethnica
Egira perlubens
Fishia evelina
Orthosia mys
Orthosia pulchella
Papestra in valid a
Pleromella opter
Pterophoridae
unidentified species
Sphingidae
unidentified species
Tortricidae
Acleris senescens
Amorbia cuneana
Archips rosana
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Epinotia arctostaphylana
Epinotia subplicana
Epinotia terracoctana
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi [Ericaceae]
Kinnikinnick
Lymantriidae
Orgyia antigua
Arctostaphylos viscida [Ericaceae]
Whiteleaf manzanita
Geometridae
Cochisea sinuaria
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Neoalcis californiaria
Noctuidae
Abagrotis trigona
Aseptis ethnica
Orthosia mys
Arctostaphylos spp. [Ericaceae]
Manzanita
Gelechiidae
Telphusa sedulitella
Geometridae
Nematocampa resistaria
Neoalcis californiaria
Synaxis cervinaria
Heliozelidae
Coptodisca arbutiella
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Arctostaphylos spp. [Ericaceae] (continued)
Noctuidae
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Orthosia pacifica
Artemisia douglasiana [Asteraceae]
Douglas’ sagebrush
Oecophoridae
Depressaria sp.
Artemisia dracunculus [Asteraceae]
Dragon sagebrush
Papilionidae
Papilio bairdii oregonius
Artemisia tridentata [Asteraceae]
Big sagebrush
Geometridae
Itame colata
Noctuidae
Abagrotis duanca
Artemisia vulgaris [Asteraceae]
Mugwort
Nymphalidae
Vanessa cardui
Asclepias sp. [Asclepiadaceae]
Milkweed
Danaidae
Danaus plexippus
Arctostaphylos spp. - Chrysolepis chrysophylla
B
Baccharis pilularis [Asteraceae]
Coyotebrush
Cochylidae
Cochylis sp.
Geometridae
Elpiste metanemaria
Eupithecia misturata
Pero mizon
Lyonetiidae
Bucculatrix separabilis
Pterophoridae
unidentified species
Tortricidae
Argyrotaenia citrana
Balsamorhiza sagittata [Asteraceae]
Arrowleaf balsamroot
Geometridae
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Betula sp. [Betulaceae]
Birch
Tortricidae
Choristoneura rosaceana
Brassica oleraceae [Brassicaceae]
Mustards
Noctuidae
Autographa californica
Trichoplusia ni
Pieridae
Pie ns rapae
Plutellidae
Plutella xylostella
C
Chrysolepis chrysophylla [Fagaceae]
Chinquapin
Dioptidae
Phryganidia californica
Gelechiidae
Telphusa sedulitella
Geometridae
Cyclophora dataria
Hydriomena irata
Nemoria darwimata
Neoalcis californiaria
Venusia pearsalli
Lasiocampidae
Phyllodesma americana
Lycaenidae
Habrodais grunus
Noctuidae
Llthophane georgii
Litocala sexsignata
Perigonica angulata
Perigonica pectinata
Zale termina
Nymphalidae
Adelpha bredowii
Tortricidae
Decodes montanus
Epinotia fumoviridana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Calocedrus decurrens - Ceanothus integerrimus
Calocedrus decurrens [Cupressaceae]
Incense-cedar
Geometridae
Eupithecia sabulosata
Neoalcis californiaria
Semiothisa burneyata
Noctuidae
Lithophane gausapata
Ceanothus cordulatus [Rhamnaceae]
Snow bush
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix foeminaria
Sericosema juturnaria
Noctuidae
Nola minna
Ceanothus cuneatus [Rhamnaceae]
Common buckbrush
Geometridae
Aethaloida packardaria
Anacamptodes clivinaria
Anavitrinella pampinaria
Drepanulatrix falcataria
Drepanulatrix foeminaria
Drepanulatrix monicaria
Drepanulatrix unicalcararia
Eupithecia maestosa
Eupithecia misturata
Eupithecia ravocostaliata
Hesperumia latipennis
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Nemoria darwiniata
Sericosema juturnaria
Synaxis jubararia
Lycaenidae
Satyrium saepium
Lymantriidae
Orgyia vetusta
Noctuidae
Acronicta perdita
Aseptis binotata
Egira sp.
Lacanobia lutra
Nola minna
Palthis angulalis
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis californica
Sphingidae
unidentified species
Tortricidae
Arc hips argyrospila
Ceanothus integerrimus [Rhamnaceae]
Deerbrush
Geometridae
Aethaloida packardaria
Anacamptodes clivinaria
Anavitrinella pampinaria
Cochisea sinuaria
Drepanulatrix falcataria
Drepanulatrix foeminaria
Drepanulatrix monicaria
Drepanulatrix unicalcararia
Ectropis crepuscularia
Eudrepanulatrix rectifascia
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Iridopsis emasculata
Itame denticulodes
Nematocampa resistaria
Nemoria darwinata
Neoalcis californiaria
Pero mizon
Sericosema juturnaria
Synaxis cervinaria
Synaxis jubararia
Synchlora aerata
Lasiocampidae
Phyllodesma americana
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus
Incisalia augustinus
Satyrium saepium
Lymantriidae
Orgyia sp.
Noctuidae
Adelphagrotis indeterminata
Aseptis fumosa
Egira perlubens
Egira rubrica
Lacanobia lutra
Nola minna
Orthosia hibisci
Orthosia praeses
Zale minerea
Notodontidae
Schizura concinna
Saturniidae
Hemileuca eglanterina
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Ceanothus sanguineus - Celtis reticulata
Ceanothus sanguineus [Rhamnaceae]
Oregon tea tree
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix falcataria
Drepanulatrix foeminaria
Drepanulatrix secundaria
Eudrepanulatrix rectifascia
Eupithecia harveyata
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia latipennis
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Nemoria darwiniata
Neoalcis californiaria
Pern mizon
Sericosema juturnaria
Noctuidae
Abagrotis apposita
Aseptis binotata
Egira crucialis
Saturniidae
Hemileuca eglanterina
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus [Rhamnaceae]
Blue brush
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix monicaria
Eupithecia misturata
Ceanothus velutinus [Rhamnaceae]
Tobacco-brush
Geometridae
Drepanulatrix carneararia
Drepanulatrix falcataria
Drepanulatrix foeminaria
Drepanulatrix hulstii
Drepanulatrix monicaria
Drepanulatrix quadraria
Drepanulatrix secundaria
Drepanulatrix unicalcararia
Eudrepanulatrix rectifascia
Eupithecia georgii
Eupithecia misturata
Eupithecia nevadata
Eupithecia ravocostaliata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Nematocampa resistaria
Nemoria darwiniata
Neoalcis californiaria
Pero mizon
Sericosema juturnaria
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californicum
Phyllodesma americana
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus
Incisalia augustinus
Satyrium saepium
Lymantriidae
Orgyia sp.
Noctuidae
Acronicta cyanescens
Acronicta perdita
Adelphagrotis indeterminata
Adelphagrotis stellaris
Andropolia theodori
Aseptis binotata
Bomolocha bijugalis
Egira crucialis
Egira perlubens
Egira rubrica
Fishia evelina
Lacanobia lutra
Mesogona olivata
Nola minna
Orthosia hibisci
Orthosia pacifica
Notodontidae
Schizura concinna
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis californica
Papilionidae
Papilio eurymedon
Saturniidae
Hemileuca eglanterina
Hyalophora euryalus
Tortricidae
Arc hips argyrospila
Arc hips rosana
Epinotia signiferana
Cedrus atlanticus /Pinaceae]
Atlantic cedar
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
Celtis reticulata [Rosaceae]
Hackberry
Noctuidae
Egira curialis
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Centaurea montana - Corylus cornuta
Centaurea montana [Asteraceae]
Bachelor’s button
Arctiidae
Grammia ornata
Cercocarpus montanus [Rosaceae]
Mountain mahogony
Geometridae
Stamnodes coenonympha
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana [Cuppressaceae]
Port Orford cedar
Geometridae
Chrysolepis chrysophylla
Neoalcis californiaria
Chrysothamnus nauseosus [Asteraceae]
Rubber rabbit-brush
Geometridae
Chlorochlamys triangularis
Eupithecia misturata
Semiothisa curvata
Synaxis formosa
Noctuidae
Draudtia lunata
Fishia nr. bettsia
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus [Asteraceae]
Lanceleaf rabbit-brush
Geometridae
Chesiadodes cinerea
Chlorochlamys triangularis
Nemoria darwiniata
Noctuidae
Cucullia pulla
Tortricidae
Synnona lynosynana
Cirsium arvense [Asteraceae]
Canadian thistle
Nymphalidae
Vanessa cardui
Conium maculatum [Apiaceae]
Poison-hemlock
Oecophoridae
Agonopterix alstroemeriana
Convolvulus nyctagineus [Convolvulaceae]
Morning glory
Pterophoridae
Emmelina monodactyla
Cornus nuttallii [Cornaceae]
Pacific dogwood
Geometridae
Nematocampa resistaria
Pero mizon
Probole alienaria
Probole amicaria
Noctuidae
Adelphagrotis stellaris
Bomolocha bijugalis
Notodontidae
Schizura ipomoeae
Schizura unicornis
Cornus stolonifera [Cornaceae]
Red-osier
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia misturata
Probole amicaria
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Egira crucialis
Lithophane georgii
Orthosia hibisci
Thyatiridae
Euthyatira lorata
Tortricidae
Acleris cornana (spp. complex)
Archips argyrospila
Archips rosana
Pandemis pyrusana
Corylus avellana [Betulaceae]
European hazelnut
Geometridae
Operophtera brumata
Corylus cornuta [Betulaceae]
Hazelnut
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Dysstroma ochrofuscaria
Erannis tiliaria
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Corylus cornuta [Betulaceae] (continued)
Geometridae
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Eulithis xylina
Hesperumia latipermis
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Mesoleuca gratulata
Neoalcis californiaria
Pero mizon
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californicum
Lymantriidae
Dasychira vagans
Noctuidae
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Aseptis binotata
Cosmia calami
Egira hiemalis
Orthosia hiblsci
Phlogophora periculosa
Pseudorthodes irrorata
Tortricidae
Arc hips rosana
Clepsis persicana
Ditula angustiorana
Cotoneaster sp. [Rosaceae]
Ornamental cotoneaster
Gelechiidae
Athrips rancidella
Crataegus douglasii [Rosaceae]
Hawthorn
Arctiidae
Hyphantria cunea
Geometridae
Erannis tiliaria
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia nevadata
Neoalcis californiaria
Noctuidae
Lithophane georgii
Lithophane innominata
Mesogona olivata
Orthosia hibisci
Notodontidae
Schizura ipomoeae
Schizura unicornis
Sphingidae
Paonias excaecatus
Thyatiridae
Ceranemota improvisa
Tortricidae
Archips rosana
Spilonota ocellana
Cynoglossum occidentale [Boraginaceae]
Hounds tongue
Arctiidae
Gnophaela latipennis
Corylus cornuta - Fraxinus latifolia
D
Dactylus glomerata [Poaceae]
Orchard grass
Arctiidae
Ctenucha rubroscapus
Dicentra formosa [Fumariaceae]
Bleeding hearts
Noctuidae
Platypolia contadina
E
Epilobium angustifolium [Onagraceae]
Fireweed
Geometridae
Spargania magnoliata
Noctuidae
Alypia langtoni
F
Fraxinus latifolia [Oleaceae]
Oregon white ash
Geometridae
Eupithecia maestosa
Operophtera danbyi
Synaxis jubararia
Noctuidae
Egira hiemalis
Lithophane georgii
Tortricidae
Choristoneura rosaceana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Gaultheria shallon - Juniperus occidentalis
G
Gaultheria shallon [Ericaceae]
Salal
Geometridae
Dysstroma sobria
Lambdina fiscellaria
Neoalcis californiaria
Synaxis jubararla
Heliozelidae
Coptodlsca arbutiella
Galium spp. [Rubiaceae]
Bedstraw
Geometridae
Epirrhoe alternata
H
Heracleum lanatum [Apiaceae]
Cow-parsnip
Noctuidae
Lithophane georgli
Oecophoridae
Depressaria pastinacella
Papilionidae
Papilio zelicaon
Totricidae
Epinotia emarginana
Holodiscus discolor [Rosaceae]
Ocean-spray
Arctiidae
Lophocampa maculata
Spilosoma virginica
Geometridae
Anagoga occiduaria
Blston betularia
Campaea perlata
Chlorosea banksarla
Eullthis xylina
Eupithecia maestosa
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia latipennis
Hesperumia sulphurarla
Lambdina fiscellaria
Neoalcis californiaria
Operophtera bruceata
Perizoma costiguttata
Perizoma curvilinea
Pero mizon
Sabulodes aegrotata
Synaxis jubararia
Lasiocampidae
Phyllodesma americana
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus
Noctuidae
Adelphagrotis indeterminata
Adelphagrotis stel laris
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Andropolia aedon
Andropolia theodori
Anhimella perbrunnea
Aseptis binotata
Egira perlubens
Egira rubrica
Lacanobia subjuncta
Lithophane georgii
Lithophane innominata
Lithophane pertorrida
Oncocnemis nr. Columbia
Oncocnemis dunbari
Oncocnemis homogena
Oncocnemis youngi
Pseudocodes irrorata
Pterophoridae
unidentified species
Tortricidae
Archips argyrospila
Choristoneura rosaceana
Epinotia johnsonana
Sparganothis senecionana
Juniperus occidentalis [Cupressaceae]
Juniper
Geometridae
Semiothisa continuata
Lycaenidae
Mitoura grynea
Noctuidae
A bag rot is glenni
Lithophane longior
Sphingidae
Sphinx sequoiae
Lepidgptera of the Pacific Northwest
L
Lithocarpus densiflorus [Fagaceae]
Tan oak
Dioptidae
Phryganidia californica
Geometridae
Eupithecia misturata
Noctuidae
Perigonica angulata
Lonicera ciliosa [Caprifoliaceae]
Orange honeysuckle
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Orthosia hibisci
Lonicera involucrata [Caprifoliaceae]
Twinberry
Plutellidae
Euceratia secure! I a
Lotus crassifolius [Fabaceae]
Big deervetch
Hesperiidae
Epargyreus clarus
Lupinus sulphureus kincaidii [Fabaceae]
Sulfur lupine
Lycaenidae
Icaricia icarioides fenderi
M
Malus sp. [Rosaceae]
Crabapple
Notodontidae
Schizura concinna
Schizura unicornis
Medicago sativa [Fabaceae]
Alfalfa
Noctuidae
Agrotis ipsilon
Amphipyra tragopoginis
Autograph a californica
Caenurgina erechtea
Dargida procincta
Mamestra configurata
Melanchra picta
Pseudaletia unipuncta
Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides
Spodoptera praefica
Trichoplusia ni
Xestia dolosa
Pieridae
Colias philodice
Mentha piperita [Lamiaceae]
Peppermint
Noctuidae
Autograph a californica
Dargida procincta
Euxoa ochrogaster
Euxoa olivia
Euxoa recula
Heliothis phloxiphagus
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Lithocarpus densiflorus - Oemleria cerasiformis
Lacinipolia stricta
Mamestra configurata
Nematocampa resistaria
Peridroma saucia
Trichoplusia ni
Xestia dolosa
Pyralidae
Udea profundalis
Tortricidae
Choristoneura rosaceana
Mertensia ciliata [Boraginaceae]
Broad-leafed blue bells
Noctuidae
Autograph a californica
Trichoplusia ni
Myrica californica /TVlyrtaceae]
Wax-myrtle
Geometridae
Nemoria darwiniata
Neoalcis californiaria
Noctuidae
Anomogyna mustelina
Oemleria cerasiformis [Rosaceae]
Osoberry
Geometridae
Operophtera bruceata
Noctuidae
Aseptis adnixa
Aseptis binotata
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Pachistima myrsinites - Populus tremuloides
P
Pachistima myrsinites [Celastraceae]
Oregon boxwood
Geometridae
Pern mizon
Penstemon cardwelli [Scrophulariaceae]
Cardwell’s penstemon
Nymphalidae
Euphydryas chalcedona
Philadelphus lewisii [Rosaceae]
Mock orange
Geometridae
Euchlaena johnsonaria
Physocarpus capitatus [Rosaceae]
Pacific ninebark
Geometridae
Eulithis xylina
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Itame anataria
Itame exauspicata
Itame quadrilinearia
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californicum
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus
Noctuidae
Adelphagrotis stellaris
Andropolia aedon
Lomographa semiclarata
Orthosia hibisci
Tortricidae
Pandemis pyrusana
Picea engelmannii [Pinaceae]
Engelmans’ spruce
Geometridae
Synaxis pallulata
Tortricidae
Acleris gloverana
Choristoneura occidentalis
Picea sitchensis [Pinaceae]
Sitka spruce
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
Tortricidae
Choristoneura occidentalis
Pinus contorta [Pinaceae]
Lodgepole/shore pine
Arctiidae
Lophocampa argentata
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
Pieridae
Neophasia menapia
Pinus monticola [Pinaceae]
Western white pine
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
Pinus ponderosa [Pinaceae]
Ponderosa/yellow pine
Noctuidae
Lithophane atara
Pieridae
Neophasia menapia
Saturniidae
Coloradia pandora
Tortricidae
Argyrotaenia dorsal ana
Pinus sylvestris [Pinaceae]
Scotch pine
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
Polystichum munitum [Aspidiaceae]
Sword fern
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
Thallophaga taylorata
Noctuidae
Diarsia esurialis
Phlogophora periculosa
Pseudorthodes irrorata
Populus tremuloides [Salicaceae]
Quaking aspen
Geometridae
Elpiste lorquinaria
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californicum
Phyllodesma americana
Lymantriidae
Leucoma salicis
Noctuidae
Enargia infumata
Homoglaea carbonaria
Homoglaea dives
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Populus hybrid [Salicaceae]
Plantation cottonwood
Nymphalidae
Limenitis lorquini
Populus trichocarpa [Salicaceae]
Black cottonwood
Arctiidae
Hyphantria cunea
Geometridae
Eullthls xyllna
Protitame matilda
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma disstrla
Lymantriidae
Dasychlra vagans
Noctuidae
Homoglaea dives
Scoliopteryx llbatrix
Prunus avium [Rosaceae]
Sweet cherry
Geometridae
Operophtera bruceata
Operophtera danbyl
Tortricidae
Spllonota ocellana
Prunus emarginata [Rosaceae]
Bittercherry
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Erannls tlllarla
Eullthis xyllna
Lambdina flscellarla
Lycaenidae
Inclsalla augustinus
Noctuidae
Aseptls blnotata
Llthophane georgll
Orthosla hlblsci
Phlogophora periculosa
Pyralidae
Ambesa walslnghaml
Prunus virginiana [Rosaceae]
Bittercherry
Geometridae
Anavitrinella pampinaria
Dasyfidonla avuncularia
Eullthis xylina
Operophtera bruceata
Lycaenidae
Celastrina argiolus
Noctuidae
Eglra curlalis
Fish la evellna
Llthophane pertorrida
Orthosla hibiscl
Plutellidae
Ypsolopha walsinghamiella
Prunus spp. [Rosaceae]
Cherry
Geometridae
Eullthis xyina
Noctuidae
Acronicta fragilis
Notodontidae
Schizura unicornis
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Populus hybrid - Pseudotsuga menziesii
Thyatiridae
Ceranemota improvisa
Tortricidae
Choristoneura rosaceana
Pseudotsuga menziesii [Pinaceae]
Douglas-fir
Arctiidae
Lophocampa argentata
Geometridae
Caripeta divisata
Ectropis crepuscularia
Enypia packardata
Eupithecia sabulosata
Gabriola dyari
Hydriomena irata
Neoalcis californiaria
Nepytia umbrosaria
Pero mizon
Protoboarmia porcelaria
Synaxis pal I u lata
Lymantriidae
Dasychira grisefacta
Orgyia antiqua
Noctuidae
Achytonix epipaschia
Anomogyna mustelina
Feralia deceptiva
Panthea portlandia
Platypolia loda
Syngrapha rectangula
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Pseudotsuga menziesii - Quercus garryana
Pseudotsuga menziesii [Pinaceae] (continued)
Saturniidae
Hyalophora euryalus
Tortricidae
Choristoneura occidentalis
Purshia tridentata [Rosaceae]
Bitter-brush
Geometridae
Anacamptodes clivinaria
Anavitrinella pampinaria
Chlorosea banksaria
Eupithecia nevadata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Itame colata
Nemoria darwiniata
Pero mizon
Semiothisa denticulata
Synaxis cervinaria
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californicum
Lycaenidae
Satyrium behrii
Satyrium californicum
Noctuidae
Acronicta impressa
Acronicta perdita
Andropolia diversilineata
Aseptis fumosa
Egira crucialis
Egira perlubens
Fishia evelina
Lithophane georgii
Mesogona olivata
Polia purpurissata
Tesagrotis atrifrons
Tesagrotis corrodera
Tesagrotis piscipellis
Xylena brucei
Plutellidae
Ypsolopha walsinghamiella
Saturniidae
Hemileuca eglanterina
Hyalophora euryalus
Tortricidae
Sparganothis tunicana
Pyrus malus [Rosaceae]
Crabapple
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californicum
Lymantriidae
Dasychira vagans
Q
Quercus chrysolepis [Fagaceae]
Canyon live oak
Dioptidae
Phryganidia californica
Geometridae
Cyclophora dataria
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Neoalcis californiaria
Pero mizon
Hesperiidae
Erynnis propertius
Lycaenidae
Habrodais grunus
Lymantriidae
Orgyia vetusta
Noctuidae
Catocala ophelia
Litocala sexsignata
Perigonica angulata
Zale termina
Quercus garryana [Fagaceae]
Oregon white oak
Arctiidae
Clemensia albata
Dioptidae
Phryganidia californica
Gelechiidae
Ohio nodes sp.
Telphusa sedulitella
Geometridae
Anacamptodes clivinaria
Besma quercivoraria
Campaea perlata
Cyclophora dataria
Erannis tiliaria
Eupithecia columbiata
Eupithecia columbrata
Eupithecia luteata
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia latipennis
Hydriomena edenata
Hydriomena irata
Hydriomena nubilofasciata
Hydriomena perfracta
Hydriomena renunciata
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Quercus garryana [Fagaceae] (continued)
Geometridae
Lambdina fiscellaria
Nematocampa resistaria
Nemoria darwiniata
Nemoria pulcherrima
Neoalcis californiaria
Operophtera danbyi
Pero mizon
Phigalia plumogeraria
Semiothisa respersata
Venusia pearsalli
Gracillariidae
Caloptilia sp.
Hesperiidae
Erynnis propertius
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma californica
Malacosoma constrictum
Malacosoma disstria
Phyllodesma amerlcana
Limacodidae
Tortrlcldea testacea
Lymantriidae
Dasychlra vagans
Orgyia antiqua
Orgyia vetusta
Lyonetiidae
Bucculatrix sp.
Noctuidae
Acronicta marmorata
Agrochola pulchella
Aseptis binotata
Catocala aholibah
Catocala verilliana
Cissusa indiscreta
Cosmia calami
Egira crucialis
Egira februalis
Lithophane contenta
Meganola miniscula
Mesogona olivata
Mesogona rubra
Orthosia hibisci
Orthosla paciflca
Perigonica tertia
Pleromelloida obllquata
Pseudorthodes Irrorata
Notodontidae
Nadata gibbosa
Nadata oregonensls
Schizura conclnna
Schizura ipomoeae
Schizura unicornis
Plutellidae
Euceratia castella
Ypsolopha cervella
Pyralidae
Epinotia emarginana
Epinotia rectiplicana
Saturniidae
Antheraea polyphemus
Tortricidae
Archips rosana
Choristoneura rosaceana
Ditula angustiorana
Melissopus latiferreanus
Pseudexentera habrosana
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Quercus garryana - Quercus vaccinifolia
Sparganothis senecionana
Spilonota ocellana
Quercus kellogii [Fagaceae]
Black oak
Gelechiidae
Telphusa sedulitella
Geometridae
Hydriomena expurgata
Neoalcis californiaria
Noctuidae
Lithophane contenta
Plutellidae
Ypsolopha cen/ella
Tortricidae
Archips argyrospila
Epinotia emarginana
Quercus sadleriana [Fagaceae]
Sadlers oak
Tortricidae
Pandemis pyrusana
Quercus vaccinifolia [Fagaceae]
Huckleberry oak
Lycaenidae
Habrodais grunus
Noctuidae
Perigonica angulata
Tortricidae
Epinotia fumoviridana
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Rhamnus occidentalis - Ribes lacustre
R
Rhamnus occidentalis [Rhamnaceae]
Coffee berry
Geometridae
Eupithecia nevadata
Itame guenearia
Triphosa californiata
Rhamnus purshiana [Rhamnaceae]
Cascara
Geometridae
Aethalura intertexta
Campaea perlata
Ectropis crepuscularia
Euchlaena johnsonaria
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Eupithecia ravocostaliata
Neoalcis californiaria
Synaxis cervinaria
Triphosa californiata
Triphosa haesitata
Gracillariidae
Caloptilia diversilobiella
Noctuidae
Adelphagrotis Stella ris
Orthosia hiblsci
Rhododendron macrophyllum [Ericaceae]
Western rhododendron
Geometridae
Dysstroma sobria
Eupithecia sp.
Neoalcis californiaria
Synaxis jubararia
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Oligia illocata
Orthosia transparens
Rhododendron occidental [Ericaceae]
Azalea
Geometridae
Eulithis xylina
Synaxis jubararia
Rhus diversiloba [Anacardiaceae]
Poison oak
Cosmopterygidae
Sorhagenia nimbosa
Ribes aureum [Grossulariaceae]
Golden currant
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Mesogona olivata
Ribes cereum [Grossulariaceae]
Squaw currant
Geometridae
Dysstroma brunneata
Dysstroma formosa
Dysstroma walkerata
Hesperumia latipennis
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Itame bitactata
Neoterpes trianguliferata
Operophtera bruceata
Synaxis jubararia
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma sp.
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Lithophane georgii
Orthosia hibisci
Platypolia contadina
Platypolia loda
Stretchia plusiaeformis
Nymphalidae
Polygonia gracilis zephyrus
Tortricidae
Sparganothis senecionana
Ribes cruentum [Grossulariaceae]
Shineyleaf currant
Geometridae
Dysstroma formosa
Eulithis propulsata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Lycaenidae
Lycaena arota
Noctuidae
Stretchia muricina
Stretchia plusiaeformis
Ribes lacustre [Grossulariaceae]
Swamp currant
Noctuidae
Platypolia contadina
Tortricidae
Clepsis persicana
Yponomeutidae
Zelleria gracilariella
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Ribes lobbii [Grossulariaceae]
Lobb’s gooseberry
Gelechiidae
Gelechia dromicella
Geometridae
Nematocampa resistaria
Tortricidae
Sparganothis senecionana
Ribes niveum [Grossulariaceae]
Snow gooseberry
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Ribes sanguineus [Grossulariaceae]
Red currant
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Dysstroma brunneata
Dysstroma formosa
Ribes velutinum [Grossulariaceae]
Plateau gooseberry
Noctuidae
Mesogona olivata
Ribes viscosissimum [Grossulariaceae]
Sticky currant
Geometridae
Dysstroma brunneata
Dysstroma formosa
Itame bitactata
Neoterpes trianguliferata
Ribes lobbii - Rubus spectabilis
Noctuidae
Stretchia muricina
Nymphalidae
Polygonia gracilis zephyrus
Tortricidae
Epinotia vagana
Sparganothis senecionana
Yponomeutidae
Zelleria gracilariella
Ribes watsonianum [Grossulariaceae]
Spiny gooseberry
Nymphalidae
Polygonia gracilis zephyrus
Ribes spp. [Grossulariaceae]
Currants
Geometridae
Pero mizon
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Graphiphora haruspica
Rosa spp. [Rosaceae]
Roses
Geometridae
Erannis tiliaria
Eulithis xylina
Neoalcis californiaria
Operophtera bruceata
Pero mizon
Noctuidae
Acronicta impressa
Lithophane georgii
Xylena cineritia
Tortricidae
Epinotia vagana
Rubus discolor [Rosaceae]
Himalayan blackberry
Geometridae
Eupithecia misturata
Noctuidae
Adelphagrotis stel laris
Graphiphora haruspica
Hemigraphiphora plebeia
Tortricidae
Argyrotaenia citrana
Rubus parvifiorus [Rosaceae]
Thimbleberry
Geometridae
Dysstroma citrata
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Zale lunata
Thyatiridae
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides
Rubus spectabilis [Rosaceae]
Salmonberry
Geometridae
Ectropis crepuscularia
Sabulodes aegrotata
Selenia alciphearia
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Rubus spectabilis - Sambucus racemosa
Rubus spectabilis [Rosaceae] (continued)
Noctuidae
Aseptis binotata
Pseudocodes irrorata
Thyatiridae
Habrosyne scripta
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides
Tortricidae
Argyrotaenia citrana
s
Salix hookeriana [Salicaceae]
Coast willow
Tortricidae
Acleris hastiana
Salix spp. [Salicaceae]
Willows
Arctiidae
A ret i a caja
Hyphantria cunea
Lophocampa maculata
Geometridae
Bistort betularia
Cabera erythemaria
Campaea perlata
Ectropis crepuscularia
Elpiste lorquirtaria
Ertnomos magrtaria
Eranriis tiliaria
Euchlaena tigrinaria
Eulithis xylirta
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Neoalcis californiaria
Protitame matilda
Semiothisa neptaria
Subminiata snoviata
Syrtaxis cervirtaria
Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma disstria
Lycaenidae
Satyrium sylvirtum
Lymantriidae
Leucoma salicis
Orgyia antiqua
Noctuidae
Abagrotis variata
Aseptis binotata
Catocala briseis
Homoglaea carbonaria
Homoglaea dives
Lacanobia lutra
Litholomia napaea
Lithophane amanda
Lithophane innominata
Nycteola Columbiana
Nycteola frigidana
Orthosia hibisci
Phlogophora periculosa
Scoliopteryx libatrix
Zale lunata
Notodontidae
Clostera apicalis
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis antiopa
Polygonia faunus
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Tortricidae
Acleris maximana
Acleris senescens
Archips argyrospila
Choristoneura rosaceana
Epinotia Columbia
Pandemis pyrusana
Sambucus cerulea [Caprifoliaceae]
Blue elderberry
Arctiidae
Spilosoma virginica
Geometridae
Eupithecia maestosa
Hesperumia latipennis
Synaxis jubararia
Noctuidae
Fishia evelina
Orthosia hibisci
Synedoida divergens
Synedoida ochracea
Xylena cineritia
Sambucus racemosa [Caprifoliaceae]
Red elderberry
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Sabulodes aegrotata
Noctuidae
Zotheca tranguilla
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Senecio jacobaea [Asteraceae]
Tansy ragwort
Arctiidae
Tyria jacobaeae
Geometridae
Eupithecia harveyata
Eupithecia misturata
Sidalcea cusickii [Malvaceae]
Cusick’s checker-mallow
Hesperiidae
Pyrgus communis
Lycaenidae
Strymon melinus
Pyralidae
Udea profundalis
Sorbus scopulina [Rosaceae]
Mountain ash
Geometridae
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia misturata
Lasiocampidae
Phyllodesma americana
Noctuidae
Lithophane georgii
Lithophane innominata
Notodontidae
Ceranemota tearlei
Senecio jacobaea - Tsuga heterophylla
Spiraea douglasii [Rosaceae]
Douglas’ spiraea
Geometridae
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia misturata
Sabulodes aegrotata
Noctuidae
Alypia langtoni
Egira crucialis
Lithophane georgii
Lithophane thaxteri
Oncocnemis chalybdis
Orthosia praeses
Xylena cineritia
Symphoricarpos albus [Caprifoliaceae]
Snowberry
Alucitidae
Alucita hexadactyla
Geometridae
Campaea perlata
Ectropis crepuscularia
Hesperumia latipennis
Neoalcis californiaria
Operophtera bruceata
Pero mizon
Synaxis jubararia
Xanthorhoe macdunnoughi
Noctuidae
Abagrotis erratica
Adelphagrotis indeterminata
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Anhimella perbrunnea
Aseptis binotata
Pleromelloida cinerea
Pseudorthodes irrorata
Sunira decipiens
Plutellidae
Euceratia castella
Euceratia securella
Ypsolopha dentiferella
Sphingidae
Hemaris diffinis
T
Thuja plicata [Cupressaceae]
Western red cedar
Geometridae
Eupithecia sabulosata
Neoalcis californiaria
Tilia sp. [Tiliaceae]
Lindens
Noctuidae
Amphipyra pyramidoides
Tsuga heterophylla [Pinaceae]
Western hemlock
Arctiidae
Lophocampa argentata
Geometridae
Caripeta divisata
Ectropis crepuscularia
Eupithecia annulata
Gabriola dyari
Lambdina fiscellaria
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Appendix 3: Hostplants by Species
Tsuga heterophylla - Vaccinium parvifolium
Tsuga heterophylla [Pinaceae] (continued)
Geometridae
Neoalcls californiaria
Nepytia umbrosaria
Pero mizon
Semiothisa slgnaria
Noctuidae
Phlogophora periculosa
Xestia mustellna
Tortricidae
Aclerls glove ran a
Grlselda radicana
Tsuga mertensiana [Pinaceae]
Mountain hemlock
Geometridae
Enypla packardata
U
Umbellularia californica [Lauraceae]
California laurel
Geometridae
Neoalcis californiaria
Sabulodes aegrotata
Urtica dioica [Urticaceae]
Stinging nettles
Noctuidae
Abrostola urentis
Hypena californica
Hypena humuli
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis milberti
Polygoni a satyrus
Vanessa annabella
Vanessa atalanta
Pyralidae
Udea profundalls
V
Vaccinium alaskense [Ericaceae]
Alaska blueberry
Geometridae
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Noctuidae
Platypolia contadina
Vaccinium membranaceum [Ericaceae]
Thin-leafed blueberry
Geometridae
Anagoga occiduaria
Ectropis crepuscularia
Eulithis destinata
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia misturata
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Iridopsis emasculata
Thallophaga taylorata
Noctuidae
Lacanobia lutra
Lacanobia tacoma
Tortricidae
Croesia curvalana
Vaccinium ovatum [Ericaceae]
Evergreen blueberry
Geometridae
Eulithis destinata
Neoalcis californiaria
Noctuidae
Phlogophora periculosa
Nymphalidae
Polygonia faunus
Vaccinium parvifolium [Ericaceae]
Red blueberry
Geometridae
Biston betularia
Campaea perlata
Euchlaena johnsonaria
Eulithis xylina
Eupithecia subapicata
Eupithecia subcolorata
Eustroma semiatrata
Hesperumia latipennis
Hesperumia sulphuraria
Iridopsis emasculata
Neoalcis californiaria
Pero mizon
Probole amicaria
Synaxis jubararia
Noctuidae
Abagrotis trigona
Acronicta funeral is
Aseptis binotata
Lacanobia lutra
Lithophane baileyi
Xestia mustelina
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Hostplants by Species: Appendix 3
Vaccinium parvifolium - Verbascum thapsus
Vaccinium parvifolium [Ericaceae]
(continued)
Noctuidae
Oligia illocata
Phlogophora periculosa
Platypolia contadina
Tortricidae
Archips rosana
Vaccinium spp. [Ericaceae]
Blueberries
Geometridae
Eulithis destinata
Synaxis jubararia
Noctuidae
Lithomoia germana
Vancouveria hexandra [Berberidaceae]
Inside-out flower
Pyralidae
Herpetogramma pertextalis
Verbascum thapsus [Scrophulariacea]
Mullein
Noctuidae
Agrochola purpurea
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
abdomen one of the three primary body segments, along with the
head and thorax, characteristic of insects. The abdomen in moths
is typically elongate and contains the reproductive organs.
adfrontal suture a seam-like line on the frontal area of the caterpillar
head capsule.
allelochemical a chemical derived from plants that may stimulate
or deter feeding by caterpillars.
anal angle the angle along the edge of the wing created by the
transition from the outer margin to the inner margin.
anal area see area, anal.
anal proleg a proleg on the last segment of the abdomen.
antenna (pi. antennae) variously shaped filamentous sensory
organs located on the head.
anterior to be in front; the area that is the forward-most section of a
body part.
apical area see area, apical.
apOSOmatiC a brightly colored organism that is typically poisonous.
area, anal the area on the wing between the outer margin and the
inner margin, proximal to the anal angle.
area, apical the area on the wing below the apex.
area, basal the area at the base of the wing where the wing is attached
to the thorax.
area, median the central area of the wing.
Glossary
Glossary
area, midcostal the area in the center of the front edge of the wing.
area, postmedian the area on the wing immediately distal to the
median area and proximal to the submarginal area.
area, SU banal the area on the wing proximal to the anal area.
area, subapical the area on the wing proximal to the apical area.
area, submarginal the area on the wing proximal to the outer margin.
band a wide area typically extending more than half the distance
along the width or length of the wing and often demarked by lines
and associated with a particular area on the wing.
basal area see area, basal.
basal line see line, basal.
biordinal the tips of the crochets occur in a pattern of two rows.
biserial the base of the crochets occur in a pattern of two rows.
bivoltine two generations per year.
butterfly the adult of a species of Lepidoptera with knobbed
antennae, day-flying, and typically brighdy colored.
caterpillar the larva of Lepidoptera; one of four life stages of
skippers, butterflies, and moths.
cardiac glycoside an allelochemical found in certain plants such
as milkweed and poisonous to most animals.
Cell, discal an area of the wing delineated by the discal veins in the
discal area.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Glossary
chalaza (pi. chalazae) a single hair arising from an elevated base.
Chrysalis the pupa of a butterfly,
cleft notched.
COCOOn the pupa of moths wrapped in silk.
COStal margin see margin, costal.
crochets hooks present on the ends of the prolegs.
cryptic an organism that blends into its surroundings.
dash a narrow short mark extending less than half the distance along
the width or length of the wing.
dentate tooth-like markings, typically along one side of a line.
diapause a condition of arrested development.
discal area see area, discal.
discal cell see cell, discal.
discal spots see spots, discal.
diurnal active during the day.
dorsal the top or back area of the body.
dorsum the upper side of the body
eclose to emerge from.
eyespot a round multi-colored spot on the forewing or hindwing.
falcate curved into a sickle-shape, often used to describe a wing with
the tip extended into an subtle or elongate, curved point.
femur the third segment of the true legs preceeded by the coxa and
the trochanter. The femur is the first leg segment that is elongate,
followed by the tibia which is also elongate.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
foreleg the first pair of true legs nearest the head. The forelegs are
ventrally attached to the first thoracic segment.
forewing(s) the wing(s) attached to the second thoracic segment,
the first pair of wings from the head.
frass insect feces.
gregarious living in a group.
head one of the three primary body segments characteristic of insects,
along with the thorax and abdomen. The head contains the
antennae, mouthparts, eyes, and brain.
head capsule the sclerotized (hardened) part of the head.
herbivorous feeding on foliage.
hindwing(s) the wing(s) attached to the third thoracic segment, the
second pair of wings from the head.
holometabolous an insect whose development involves a pupal
stage.
inchworm the caterpillar of geometrids which has only one pair of
midabdominal prolegs, occurring on sixtgh abdominal segment.
inner band see band, inner.
inner margin see margin, inner.
instar an immature insect between molts.
labial palps see palps, labial.
labium the bottom-most part of the mouthparts upon which the
caterpillar silk gland is located.
labrum a flap-like part of the mouthparts just below the face used as
a feeding guide.
Glossary
larva one of the immature stages in the life cycle of a holometabolous
insect, a caterpillar is the larval life stage of Lepidoptera.
lateral an area along the side ol a body part.
line a narrow mark extending more than half the distance along the
width or length of the wing and associated with a particular area
on the wing.
line, basal a line in the basal area near to where the wing attaches to
the thorax.
line, postmedian a line in the postmedian area.
line, Submarginal a line in the submarginal area.
macromoth the adult of a species of Lepidoptera with the tips of
antennae tapered, in the Pacific Northwest the species occur in
one of the following families: Arctiidae, Dioptidae, Drepanidae,
Epiplemidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae,
Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, and
Thyatiridae.
mandible a component of the mouthparts used for cutting and
chewing food.
margin, costal the front edge of the wing.
margin, inner the back edge of the wing.
margin, outer the distal edge of the wing.
median area see area, median.
median line see line, median.
mesothorax the second (middle) segment of the thorax from the
head, abbreviated as T2.
metathorax the third (last) segment of the thorax from the head,
abbreviated as T3.
micromoth the adult of a species of Lepidoptera with the tips of
antennae tapered, typically small bodied, many families of
micromoths occur in the Pacific Northwest; not a butterfly or a
macromoth.
midabdominal proleg prolegs on the middle abdominal segments.
midcOStal area see area, midcostal.
middorsal an area in the middle of the top region of a body part.
monophagOUS feeding on only one kind of plant.
multiserial the base of the crochets occur in a pattern of multiple
rows.
multivoltine more than two generations per year.
nocturnal active during the night.
occiput the top portion of the head capsule.
Omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals, and perhaps
detritus.
orbicular spot see spot, orbicular.
OSmeterium an eversible forked pouch in Papilionidae located
middorsally on the prothorax.
outer margin see margin, outer.
oviposition the laying of an egg.
palps, labial small, segmented, filamentous appendages attached
to the labium on the mouthparts.
parasitoid a specialized insect predator whose young develop entirely
on a single host and kill the host.
patch a small restricted area of the wing demarked by a distinct color
but not delimited by lines.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Glossary
pectinate comb-like, often used to describe antennae with numerous
fine branches arranged asymetrically along one side of antennal
segments.
plumose feather-like, often used to describe antennae with numerous
fine branches arranged in opposition along the antennal segments.
plusiine noctuids a group of moths whose caterpillar typically has
two pair of midabdominal prolegs, occurring on the fifth and sixth
abdominal segments.
polyphagOUS feeding on many plant species.
posterior to be behind; the area that is the back end of a body part.
postmedian area see area, postmedian.
postmedian line see line, postmedian.
predaceous feeding on live animals.
proleg fleshy protuberance of body wall; creates a nonjointed leg.
prothoracic shield a sclerotized plate on the first thoracic segment.
prothorax the first segment of the thorax behind the head,
abbreviated as Tl.
pupa the life stage of a holometabolous insect that follows the larval
stage and within which metamorphosis occurs.
reniform spot see spot, reniform.
sclerotized a hardened area of the body skin.
SCOlUS (pi. SCOli) a spine with multiple points.
semilooper the caterpillar of plusiine noctuids.
setae hairs.
Lepsdoptera of the Pacific Northwest
silk gland a silk-excreting gland in caterpillars on the underside of
the labium.
skipper the adult of a species of Lepidoptera in the family
Hesperiidae, antennae with a hooked-tip, day-flying, closely related
to butterflies.
spiracle the opening of the respiratory^ system located along the lateral
side of the body".
spot, orbicular a single near round-shaped spot that occurs just
short of half way along the front edge of the forewing within the
discal cell.
spot, reniform a single irregularly shaped spot, often kidney"-shaped,
that occurs just past half way along the front edge of the forewing
at the distal end of the discal cell.
spots, discal a combination of the reniform and orbicular spots.
Stemma (pi. stemmata) the eyes on the head capsule, also called
eyespots.
Stigma a distinct marking in the median area, of variable shape, often
comma or v-shaped, usually silver or white, characteristic of
Plusiinae: Noctuidae.
subanal area see area, subanal.
SUbapical area see area, subapical.
SUbdorsal the body area part way between dorsal and lateral.
Sublateral the area below the lateral region of a body part.
submarginal area see area, submarginal.
SUbmarginal line see line, submarginal.
SUbspiracuiar the body area immediately below the spiracles.
Glossary
thorax one of the three primary body segments characteristic of
insects, along with the head and abdomen. The thorax consists of
three segments with a pair of wings attached dorsally to the second
and third segments, and a pair of jointed legs attached ventrally to
each segment.
triordinal the tips of the crochets occur in a pattern of three rows.
triserial the base of the crochets occur in a pattern of three rows.
uniordinal the tips of the crochets occur in one row.
uniserial the base of the crochets occur in one row.
univoltine one generation per year.
urti eating stinging (hairs).
venter the underside of the body.
ventral the area on the underside of a body part.
warts small bumps or short finger-like projections extending from
the body wall.
wingspan the distance between the tips of the front wings in a
properly spread specimen.
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Borror, D.J; Triplehorn, C.A.; Johnson, N.F. 1983. An introduction to the
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Coveil, C.V., Jr. 1984. A field guide to the moths of eastern North America.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.; 496 p.
Dornfeld, E.J. 1980. The butterflies of Oregon. Forest Grove, OR: Timber
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Eichlin, T.D.; Cunningham, H.B. 1978. The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico, emphasizing genitalic and caterpillar
morphology. Technical Bulletin 1567. Washington, DC; U.S. Department
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References
References
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Lepidoptera fauna from the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Journal of
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Hammond, P.C.; Miller, J.C. 1998. Comparison of the biodiversity of
Lepidoptera within three forested ecosystems. Annals of the Entomological
Society of America. 91: 323-328.
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Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
A
Aholibah underwing 1 96
Alfalfa semilooper 195
American barred umber 90
Anise swallowtail 63
Arched hookup. 87
Adantis fritillary 53
B
Banded woollybear 82
Behr’s hairstreak 40
Blind eyed sphinx 261
Brown day moth 257
Bruce spannworm 142
c
Cabbage white 68
California hairstreak 41
California oakworm 86
California sister 44
California tortoiseshell 49
Ceanothus silk moth 258
Cedar hairstreak 38
Chalcedon checkerspot 46
Checkered skipper 30
Chinquapin hairstreak 33
Cinnabar moth 85
Clodius parnassian 64
Copper underwing 1 88
D
Douglas-fir tussock moth 175
E
Echo blue 32
F
Fallwebworm 77
False unicorn caterpillar 253
Faun angle wing 51
Field crescent 50
Filament bearer 138
Forest tent caterpillar 167
Fringed looper 94
G
Garden tiger moth 70
Gray dagger moth 181
Gray hairstreak 43
Great purple hairstreak 31
Great spangled fritillary 54
Green oak caterpillar 251
Gypsy moth 173
H
Herald moth 239
i
Ilia underwing 198
Impressed dagger moth 1 84
I ndra swallowtail 61
L
Lappet moth 1 68
Large wood nymph 69
Lettered habrosyne 265
Linden looper 112
Lorquin’s admiral 47
Lunata moth 246
Lupine blue 34
Index of Common Names
Index of Common Names
M
Maple spannworm 111
Melissa blue 36
Monarch butterfly 45
Mourningcloak butterfly 48
o
Oak (Hemlock) looper 136
Omnivorous looper 151
Oregon swallowtail 59
P
Pacific tent caterpillar 166
Painted lady 57
Pale tiger swallowtail 60
Pandora moth 256
Pepper moth 93
Pine white 67
Pipevine swallowtail 58
Polyphemus moth 255
Propertius dusky wing 29
R
Red admiral 56
Redhumped caterpillar 252
Russet hairstreak 42
Rusty tussock moth 174
s
Saddleback looper 109
Sara orangetip 66
Satin moth 172
Sequoia sphinx 263
Silver spotted tiger moth 78
Silverspotted skipper 28
Smintheus parnassian 65
Speckled green fruitworm 227
Spotted tussock moth (last instar) 80
Spotted tussock moth (mid instars) 79
T
Tailed copper 37
Thicket hairstreak. 39
u
Unicorn caterpillar 254
V
Variable tussock moth 171
w
Western brown elfin 35
Western tent caterpillar 165
Western tiger swallowtail 62
Y
Yellow woollybear 84
Yellow-haired dagger moth 1 83
z
Zephyr anglewing 52
Zerene fritillary 55
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Index of Scientific Names
Index of Scientific Names
A
Abagrotis duanca 176
Abagrotis glenni 177
Achytonix epipaschia 178
Acronicta cyanescens 179
Acronicta funeralis 180
Acronicta grisea 181
Acronicta hesperida 182
Acronicta impleta 183
Acronicta impressa 184
Acronicta marmorata 185
Acronicta perdita 186
Adelpha bredowii 44
Aedraloida packardaria 88
Alvpia langtoni 187
Amphip)?ra pyramidoides 1 88
Anacamptodes clivinaria 89
Anagoga occiduaria 90
Andropolia aedon 189
Andropolia diversilineata 190
Andropolia theodori 191
Antheraea polyphemus 255
Anthocaris sara 66
Apodrepanulatrix litaria 91
Archiearis infans 92
Arctiacaja 70
Aseptis binotata 192
Aseptis ethnica 193
Aseptis fumosa 194
Atlides halesus 31
Autographa californica 195
B
Battus philenor 58
Biston betularia 93
c
Campaea perlata 94
Catocala aholibah 196
Catocala briseis 197
Catocala ilia 198
Catocala verrilliana 199
Celastrina argiolus 32
Ceranemota fasciata 264
Cercyonis pegala 69
Chesiadodes cinerea 95
Chlorochlamys triangularis 96
Chlorosea banksaria 97
Cisseps fulvicollis 7 1
Cissusa indiscreta 200
Clemensia albata 72
Cochisia sinuaria 98
Coloradia pandora 256
Cosmia calami 201
Ctenucha rubroscapus 73
Cucullia pulla 202
Cyclophora dataria 99
D
Danaus plexippus 45
Dasychira grisefacta 170
Dasychira vagans 171
Dasyfidoma avuncularia 100
Drepana arcuata 87
Drepanulatrix carnearia 101
Drepanulatrix falcataria 102
Drepanulatrix foeminaria 103
Drepanulatrix monicaria 104
Drepanulatrix unicalcararia 105
Dysstroma citrata 106
Dysstroma formosa 107
Dysstroma sobria 108
E
Ectropis crepuscularia 109
Egira crucialis 203
Egira curialis 204
Egira februalis 205
Egira perlubens 206
Elpiste lorquinaria 110
Ennomos magnaria 111
Epargvreus clarus 28
Erannis tiliaria 112
Erynnis propertius 29
Euchlaena johnsonaria 113
Euchlaena tigrinaria 114
Eudrepanulatrix rectifascia 115
Eulithis xvlina 116
Euphydryas chalcedona 46
Eupithecia annulata 117
Eupidtecia gilvipennata 1 1 8
Eupithecia graefii 119
Eupithecia maestosa 120
Eupithecia misturata 121
Eupithecia nevadata 122
Eupithecia ravocostaliata 123
Eupithecia unicolor 124
Eustroma semiatrata 125
F
Feralia deceptiva 207
Feralia februalis 208
Fishia evelina 209
Furcula cinerea 249
Furcula scolopendrina 250
G
Gabriola dyari 126
Gnophaela latipennis 74
Grammia ornata 75
H
Habrodais grunus 33
Habrosyne scripta 265
Hemihyalea edwardsii 76
Flemileuca eglanterina 257
Hesperumia latipennis 127
Hesperumia sulphuraria 128
Hyalophora euryalus 258
Hvdriomena manzanita 129
H\-pag),rtis unipunctata 130
Ffypena californica 210
Hyphantria cunea 77
I
Icaricia icarioides 34
Incisalia augustinus 35
Iridopsis emasculata 131
I tame bitactata 132
Itame colata 1 33
Itame guenearia 1 34
Itame quadrilinearia 135
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Index of Scientific Names
L
Lacanobia lilacina 211
Lambdina fiscellaria 1 36
Leucoma salicis 172
Limenitis lorquini 47
Lithomoia germana 212
Lithophane amanda 213
Lithophane atara 214
Lithophane contenta 215
Lithophane georgii 2 1 6
Lithophane innominata 217
Lithophane longior 218
Lithophane thaxteri 219
Litocala sexsignata 220
Lophocampa argentata 78
Lophocampa maculata 79, 80
Lycaeides melissa 36
Lycaenaarota 37
Lymantria dispar 173
M
Malacosoma californicum 1 65
Malacosoma constrictum 166
Malacosoma disstria 167
Melanolophia imitata 1 37
Mesogona rubra 221
Mitoura grynea 38
Mitoura spinetorum 39
N
Nadata gibbosa 251
Nematocampa resistaria 138
Nemoria darwiniata 139
Neoalcis californiaria 140
Neophasia menapia 67
Nepytiaumbrosaria 141
Nola minna 222
Nymphalis antiopa 48
Nymphalis californica 49
o
Oligia illocata 223
Oncocnemis chalybdis 224
Oncocnemis nr. Columbia 225
Oncocnemis dunbari 226
Operophtera bmceata 142
Operophtera danbyi 143
Orgyia antiqua 174
Orgyia pseudotsugata 175
Orthosia hibisci 227
Orthosia mys 228
Orthosia pacifica 229
Orthosia pulchella 230
Orthosia transparens 231
P
Pachysphinx occidental^ 260
Panthea pordandia 232
Paonias excaecatus 26 1
Papilio bairdii 59
Papilio eurymedon 60
Papilio indra 6 1
Papilio rutulus 62
Papilio zelicaon 63
Parnassius clodius 64
Parnassius smintheus 65
Perigonica angulata 233
Perigonica pectinata 234
Perizoma cosdguttata 144
Pero mizon 145
Pero occidentalis 146
Phigalia plumogeraria 1 47
Phlogophora periculosa 235
Phryganidia californica 86
Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest
Phyciodes pulchellus 50
Phyllodesma americana 1 68
Pieris rapae 68
Platypolia contadina 236
Platyprepia virginalis 81
Pleromelloida cinerea 237
Polygonia faunus 51
Polygonia gracilis 52
Probole amicaria 148
Pro titame matilda 149
Pseudorthodes irrorata 238
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides 266
Pyrgus communis 30
Pyrrharctia isabella 82
R
Rheumaptera subhastata 1 50
s
Sabulodes aegrotata 151
Saturnia mendocino 259
Satyrium behrii 40
Satyrium californicum 41
Satyrium saepium 42
Schizura concinna 252
Schizura ipomoeae 253
Schizura unicornis 254
Scoliopteryx libatrix 239
Selenia alciphearia 152
Semiothisa burneyata 153
Semiothisa subminiata 154
Sericosema juturnaria 155
Sicya crocearia 156
Smerinthus cerisyi 262
Spargania magnoliata 157
Speyeria adantis 53
Speyeria cybele 54
Spe}?eria zerene 55
Sphinx sequoiae 263
Spilosoma vestalis 83
Spilosoma virginica 84
Stamnodes coenonymphata
Stretcliia muricina 240
Strymon melinus 43
Synaxis cervinaria 159
Synaxis formosa 160
Synaxis jubararia 161
Synedoida ochracea 241
Syngrapha rectangula 242
T
Tesagrotis corrodera 243
Thallophega taylorata 1 62
Tolype distincta 1 69
Triphosa californiata 163
Triphosa haesitata 164
Tyria jacobaeae 85
V
Vanessa atalanta 56
Vanessa cardui 57
X
Xesda mustelina 244
Xylenabrucei 245
z
Zale lunata 246
Zale termina 247
Zotheca tranquilla 248
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